托福阅读练习及详细解析：ArtisansandIndustrialization

从今天起，小编给大家整理了一些新托福考试经典阅读练习题。要知道阅读一直就是英语考试中的重中之重，所以一定要勤加练习。今天给大家分享一篇名为“ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION”的文章。

托福阅读练习及详细解析：Artisans and Industrialization

Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.

The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.

The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily.The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike_or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 185O’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.

Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.

Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815?

○They were primarily produced by women.

○They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.

○They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.

○They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.

Paragraph 2: The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.

○The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.

○ Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.

○ Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.

Paragraph 3: The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.

3. The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Prolonged

○Established

○Followed

○Upset

Paragraph 4: The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.

4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to

○Support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories

○To show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery

○Argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories

○ Emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints

5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT a loss of

○Freedom

○Status in the community

○Opportunities for advancement

○Contact among workers who were not managers

Paragraph 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike_or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 185O’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.

6. The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Made progress

○Became active

○Caused changes

○Combined forces

7. The word spearheaded in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Led

○Accepted

○Changed

○Resisted

8. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800's is supported by paragraph 5?

○It was most successful during times of economic crisis.

○Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.

○It was slow to improve conditions for workers.

○It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.

Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.

9. The author identifies political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that

○Encouraged workers to demand higher wages

○Created divisions among workers

○Caused work to become more specialized

○Increased workers' resentment of the industrial system

10. The word them in the passage refers to

○Workers

○Political patty loyalties

○Disagreements over tactics

○Agents of opportunity

Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

11. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers. Where would the sentence best fit?

○Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

○Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

○Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

○Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

12. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which of the answer choices describe characteristics of the period before 1815 and which describe characteristics of the 1815-1 860 period. This question is worth 3 points.

Before 1815

●

●

1815-1850

●

●

●

Answer choices

A united, highly successful labor movement took shape.

Workers took pride in their workmanship.

The income gap between the rich and the poor increased greatly.

Transportation networks began to decline.

Emphasis was placed on following schedules.

Workers went through an extensive period of training.

Few workers expected to own their own businesses.

参考答案：

1. ○3

This is an Inference question asking for an inference that can be supported by the passage. The correct answer is choice 3, "They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production." A number of statements throughout the passage support choice 3. Paragraph 1 states that "Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans . . . After 18 15 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers." Paragraph 2 states that "Before the rise of the factory . . . skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time." Paragraph 3 states, "The factory changed that.Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity." Taken together, these three statements, about production rates, the rise of factories after 18 15, and the decline of craftsmanship after 18 15, support the inference that before 18 15, the emphasis had been on quality rather than on speed of production. Answer choices 1, 2, and 4 are all contradicted by the passage.

2. ○2

This is a Sentence Simplification question. As with all of these items, a single sentence in the passage is highlighted: Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. The correct answer is choice 2. Choice 2 contains all of the essential information in the highlighted sentence. The highlighted sentence explains why (part of the family) and how (education, moral behavior) a master's responsibility went beyond teaching a trade. The essential information is the fact that the master's responsibility went beyond teaching a trade. Therefore, choice 2 contains all that is essential without changing the meaning of the highlighted sentence.Choice 1 changes the meaning of the highlighted sentence b~ stating that masters often treated apprentices irresponsibly.Choice 3 contradicts the essential meaning of the highlighted sentence. The fact that "Apprentices were considered part of the family . . . " suggests that they were not actual family members.Choice 4, like choice 3, changes the meaning of the highlighted sentence by discussing family members as apprentices.

3. ○4

This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is disrupted. It is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice 4, "upset." The word "upset" here is used in the context of "hurting productivity." When something is hurt or damaged, it is "upset."

4. ○1

This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 4. The correct answer is choice I, "support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories." The paragraph begins by stating that workers did not adopt new attitudes toward work easily and that the clock symbolized the new work rules. The author provides the quotation as evidence of that difficulty. There is no indication in the paragraph that workers quit due to loud noise, so choice 2 is incorrect. Choice 3 (usefulness of clocks) is contradicted by the paragraph. The factory clock was "useful," but workers hated it. Choice 4 (workers complaints as a cause of a factory's success) is not discussed in this paragraph.

5. ○4

This is a Negative Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 4. Choice 4, "contact among workers who were not managers," is the correct answer. The paragraph explicitly contradicts this by stating that "factories sharply separated workers from management." The paragraph explicitly states that workers lost choice I (freedom), choice 2 (status in the community), and choice 3 (opportunities for advancement) in the new system, so those choices are all incorrect.

6. ○1

This is a Vocabulary question. The phrase being tested is "gathered some momentum." It is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice I, "made progress." To "gather momentum" means to advance with increasing speed.

7. ○1

This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is spearheaded. It is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice 1, "led." The head of a spear leads the rest of the spear, so the crafts workers who "spearheaded" this movement led it.

8. ○3

This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 5. The correct answer is choice 3, "It was slow to improve conditions for workers." The paragraph states, "More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact." This statement explicitly supports choice 3. All three other choices are contradicted by the paragraph.

9. ○2

This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information about a particular phrase in the passage. The phrase in question is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice 2, "created divisions among workers." The paragraph states (emphasis added): " . . . they (workers) were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender; conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political part loyalties, and disagreements over tactics." So "political party loyalties and disagreements over tactics'' are explicitly stared as two causes of division among workers. The other choices are not stated and are incorrect.

10. ○1

This is a Reference question. The word being tested is them. It is highlighted in the passage. This is a simple pronoun-referent item. The word them in this sentence refers to those people to whom "the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives." Choice 1, "Workers," is the only choice that refers to this type of person, so it is the correct answer.

11. ○4

This is an Insert Text question. You can see the four black squares in paragraph 1 that represent the possible answer choices here. Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■ As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■ In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. W After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■ Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production. The sentence provided, "This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers," is best inserted at square 4. The inserted sentence refers explicitly to "a new form of manufacturing." This "new form of manufacturing" is the one mentioned in the sentence preceding square 4, "factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers." The inserted sentence then explains that this new system depended on "the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers." The sentence that follows square 4 goes on to say, "Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production." Thus the inserted sentence contains references to both the sentence before square 4 and the sentence after square 4. This is not true of any of the other possible insert points, so square 4 is the correct answer.

12. ○○Before 1815: 2 6 1815-1850: 3 5 7

This is a Fill in a Table question. It is completed correctly below. The correct choices for the "Before 18 15" column are 2 and 6. Choices 3, 5, and 7 belong in the "1815-1 850" column. Choices 1 and 4 should not be used in either column.

托福阅读难度及题型的信息

机考模式

新托福阅读考试分两种模式：Short Format以及Long Format。前者历时60分钟，要求学生在规定时间里完成三篇阅读约36-42道题目;而后者则将考试时间拉长至100分钟，按需完成60-70道题目。

本来这对学生来说只是“小菜一碟”，但自从新托福将考试形式由笔试改为电脑操作，这对很多人来说无疑是“当头一棒”。也许对大多数人来说看几个小时的网上新闻或是打上半天的游戏都不是什么新鲜事儿，但面对屏幕做上一两个小时的题目倒真不是随便可以信手拈来的。

建议各位正在准备托福 阅读备考的同学，平时要养成习惯通过电脑来阅读，至于阅读的内容将会在第四个点里再作详细介绍。关于这一点的备考和写作的备考策略是一致的，大家可以结合起来一起准备。

考试强度

无论是Short Format还是Longre Format，托福阅读考试强度上对考生的要求都是相当大的，新托福阅读部分每篇文章字数增至了700字左右。然而，在新托福阅读当中，对于初学者来说最难的不是单词，而是要求在规定时间里完成规定的题数。

新托福阅读不同于CET4，CET6，与高考也有很大区别，因为CET4、CET6与高考的阅读考试大都是提供约4-5篇文章，然后出20道选择题，要求考生根据所读文章答题。最大的不同在于这些考试都没有要求做完每个科目考试所用的时间。

因此很多同学在一开始做托福 阅读的时候，十分不适应托福阅读的时间限制，有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题。有的同学在考试前总是按一篇文章来练，认为自己在20分钟内(按总的时间平均分配到每篇阅读文章的用时)完成12-14题绰绰有余。但问题在于托福考试并非一篇一篇来考，而是将3篇或5篇看作一个整体来考验学生对强度的适应能力。

由此建议考生在托福 阅读备考期间一定要养成3篇一练或者5篇一练的习惯，培养自己在规定时间里完成尽可能多的题数，并保证一定的正确率。

有很多的专业考生，因为平时课业负担较大，可用于支配学习托福的时间有限，希望在考前通过高强度的课程学习来提高考试成绩。

针对基础较好短期内需要考试的学生，我们推荐学生采用75%的正课占比，侧重于个性化的考试应对，针对自己薄弱的地方，对症下药，并辅以适量的配套训练来检测学习效果，确保对知识点的掌握。

托福阅读题型变化

考试题型的主要变化在于题型中增加了词汇解释题、填表、插入句子和完成段落等。根据新托福阅读测试的目的，考生需要在平时训练中着重培养和加强三种阅读技能，即信息定位能力、速读理解能力和研读整理能力，来帮助自己适应新题型。

这一点表现出新托福考试阅读明显雅思化，因此增加题目并不意味着增加难度，其难度体现在考生对题型的熟悉程度。可以说，新托福阅读内容的难度降低，于是便通过题型变化增加难度，因此阅读理解部分并不需要过于担心，关键是了解题型。

知识面和信息量

大家都知道，做题基于托福 阅读读文章的基础之上，因此增进阅读能力会对完成题目起到至关重要的作用。在备考阶段，大家要多读各类题材的文章。新托福阅读测试的选材大多涉及自然科学 (天文、地质、生物学等)、人文和社会科学(文学、历史、人类学、社会学等)以及艺术和商务等学科领域。多阅读这些文章，一方面可以了解相关的常识和背景知识，同时可借此机会熟悉不同学科的常用词汇。

各类书籍、报刊及网上文章都可以选择作为练习阅读的材料，如果是选取带有一定学术性的文章或大学教材则是再好也没有了。这一点大家可以结合适应“机考”这一变化来共同实现更多地去选择在电脑上阅读文章而非实际的报纸或杂志。

托福阅读只要找出最优选项即可

托福阅读不管复习的如何也不管考试时你是怎么做的托福阅读试题，只要结果对了就好，那么这时一些托福阅读技巧可能就非常有用了，下面就来看看具体该如何做选择的的方法，希望对大家有所帮助。

在进行托福阅读训练的时候，如果你只是坚持找关键词，却忽视了其他的一些短语，寻找题目中的词语在文章中是否出现，那么你的托福阅读分数是很难提升的。注意关键词不是托福阅读考试的一切。

这里必须承认，当正确答案是原文重现的时候，我们去采用，原文当中出现的词，在正确答案之中也出现，这种做题方法，从理论上是说得通的。但是事情往往不是这么简单!这里有可能出现问题的点，就是在于“最优选项”。

所谓的托福阅读试题最优选项，一种可能形式与原文更为接近的选项。另一种可能性，则是排除掉其中3个错误答案，最后得到那个与原文关系不大，但是也没有明显错误的选项。

这里很显然，最优选项之中的正确答案，都不是可以通过简单的寻找哪个选项之中的词，在原文之中也出现这种方法来解决的。而且考虑到中国考生在阅读之中必须拿到27分以上的成绩，因此，细节题和句子简化题是绝对不被允许错的!因此，这种通过简单的寻找一一对应的词汇的方法也是行不通的。

此路不通，另寻他路。那这种托福阅读技巧是什么?其实很简单，就是读懂!哪怕你不能完全懂，退而求其次，其中的逻辑关系一定要懂!或者说，对于托福阅读来说，核心的内容就是要弄清其中的逻辑关系。不过，句子之中的逻辑关系，并不是简单的so，because这些连词，里面的逻辑更多指的是，各种动词所体现出来的因果关系，这才是核心。

换句话说，在准备托福阅读的时候，应该尽一切可能去读懂每一个句子之中的每一点细节，只有这样才是拿到高分的捷径!而不是，去通过只言片语进行猜测，通过猜测考托福，只能是死路一条。

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