托福写作中正确使用语法得高分

　　托福写作语法是大家在备考过程中不可轻视的一项功课，在托福写作中，选择合适的语法结构可以使句子意思的表达更为精确和简练。下面小编给大家带来托福写作中正确使用语法得高分。

　　托福写作中正确使用语法得高分

　　1. 一个句子的主语和谓语动词应该能够反映句子中的最重要的意思。例如：.

　　The situation that resulted in my grandfather’s not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm.

　　从意思上来分析，上面这句话需要表达的重要的概念是“grandfather’s not being able to study”，而在表达这个概念时，原句用的主语是situation，谓语动词是was，不能强调需要表达的重点概念，可以改为下面这句话：

　　My grandfather couldn’t study engineering because his father needed help on the farm.

　　2. 避免频繁使用“there be”结构，例如下面的句子：

　　There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day. It was hard work for my grandfather.

　　可以改为：My grandfather worked hard. He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day.

　　更简洁的句式为：

　　My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily.

　　3. 把从句改为短语或单词。例如：

　　Dairy cows were raised on the farm, which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote.

　　简介的表达方式为：

　　The dairy farm was located in a remote area, 100 kilometers to the nearest university.

　　4. 仅在需要强调宾语而不是主语的时候，才使用被动语态。例如：

　　In the fall, not only did the cows have to be milked, but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather’s family.

　　本句不够简洁的原因是本句的重心应该是“忙碌的家庭-my grandfather’s family”，而使用了被动语态后，仿佛重心变成了cows和hay。下面的表达方式是主动语态，相对来说更简洁一些：

　　In the fall, my grandfather’s family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay.

　　5. 用更为精确的一个动词来代替动词短语，例如下面这句话：

　　My grandfather didn’t have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends.

　　Stand around doing nothing其实可以用一个动词来表达，即loiter：

　　My grandfather didn’t have time to loiter with his school friends.

　　6. 有时两句话的信息经过组合完全可以用一句话来简练地表达，例如：

　　Profits from the farm were not large. Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm. They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree.

　　两句话的信息可以合并为下面这句更为简洁的句子：

　　Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses, let alone pay for a university degree.

　　托福写作解析:假设条件句怎么写

　　It is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize.

　　If a high school student is about to leave school soon, it is necessary for him to have a most suitable plan before the graduation ceremony begins.

　　Teachers should give students homework everyday.

　　If teacher had been checking the students' progress with daily homework assignments, they might not have failed the test.

　　过去的虚拟，把反面的例子变成正面的评论

　　if sb had done, sb might/would have done

　　Traveling alone is better than travelling with a companion.

　　But for the assistance from a companion, travelers would be exposed to more dangers on the way.

　　现在或将来的情况：but for sb/sth, sb would do sth

　　过去的情况： but for sb/sth, sb would have done

　　托福写作解析：写作段落要如何布局

　　托福写作解析之段落要如何布局——开头段

　　托福写作综合部分的开头段一般来说是首先提出听力部分的观点以及相应的论据内容。然后紧接着用连词“in addition”、”meanwhile”或者是“moreover”引出阅读部分相反或者是相同的观点以及对应的论据。托福综合写作的开头段起着交代文章主旨以及概括文章主要内容的作用。开篇交代出阅读和听力部分的关系以及相应的内容，给读者直观表达，从而方便接下来中间段的论述。因此，托福综合写作开头段的写作框架是固定不变的，考生只要根据题目内容不同，填入相应的内容即可。

　　托福写作解析之段落要如何布局——中间部分

　　在托福写作开头段做好铺垫之后，中间段落的主要内容就是论述听力和阅读之间的关系。一般来说，托福综合写作的中间段落分为3段，每一段的框架和结构是一致的，主要是提出听力部分的论点和论据，然后用一个转折连词或者递进关系的词汇，引出阅读部分的论点和论据内容。这里要注意的是三个段落之间的关系是并列的，考生可以用表示序列的“first、second、third”来连接三个段落之间的关系。

　　托福写作解析之段落要如何布局——结尾段

　　托福综合写作的结尾段和所有英语写作形式差不多，都是起到总结和概括文章内容的作用。但是，在这里，一般来说就是再次申述一下阅读和听力之间的关系即可。在这部分，标志性的连接词就是“in all、to sum up、in summary”等。虽然，结尾段看似和开头段落的内容差不多，但是，结尾段更侧重于表达听力或者阅读部分的不足，从而确定文章的一个中心。此外，还要注意的一点就是，托福综合写作部分的结尾段可以省略。

　　托福写作解析 得高分必须遵循的10个准则

　　1、Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end

　　欲擒故纵的圆周句(periodic sentence)中，强调信息后置。

　　Eg: Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as setoff against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America.

　　Eg: With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselves unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.

　　2、In summaries, keep to one tense

　　总结通常使用现在时态，如果使用过去时，请保持时态一致。

　　3、Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic

　　不同的段落构成文章，每个段落仅传递一个观点

　　4、As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end it in conformity with the beginning

　　规则：每个段落均以主题句开头，并且首尾呼应。

　　A. the topic sentence comes at or near the beginning;

　　主题句前置

　　B. the succeeding sentences explain or establish or develop the statement made in the topic sentence;

　　段落围绕主题句展开，后面的句子对主题句进行展开解释

　　C. the final sentence either emphasizes the thought of the topic sentence or states some important consequence.

　　末尾句或者对主题句进行强调，或者阐述主题句带来的结果。

　　5、Use the active voice

　　主动句永远比被动句直接有力

　　Eg: There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground

　　= Dead leaves covered the ground. (清晰生动)

　　Eg: The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired.

　　= Failing health compelled him to leave college. (简洁有力)

　　Eg: It was not long before he was very sorry that he had said what he had.

　　= He soon repented his words. (简洁有力)

　　6、Put statements in positive form

　　以肯定的形式表达否定的意思, 避免使用平淡、毫无色彩，犹豫不决和含糊其辞的语言。

　　Eg：He was not very often on time.

　　= He usually came late.

　　Eg: He did not think that studying Latin was much use.

　　= He thought the study of Latin useless.

　　Eg: The taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeare’s works.

　　= The women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.

　　7、Omit needless words

　　删除冗词

　　Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.

　　有力的写作一定简洁。

　　Owing to the fact that

　　=Since (because)

　　In spite of the fact that

　　=Though (although)

　　Call your attention to the fact that

　　=Remind you (notify you)

　　The fact that he had not succeeded

　　=His failure

　　8、Avoid a succession of loose sentences

　　别写流水账，找找语言的逻辑关系，通过who, which, when, where, and while 这些词把句子串起来。

　　9、Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form

　　Parallel structure 平行结构讲究对称美：内容对等，结构一致。

　　Eg: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.

　　Parallel structure: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.

　　10、Keep related words together

　　词的位置决定词的关系，所以遵循‘物以类聚’，意思关联紧密的词放在一块。

　　A: 主谓之间不分割，补充信息需前置

　　Eg: Wordsworth, in the fifth book of The Excursion, gives a minute description of this church.

　　Eg: In the fifth book of the Excursion, Wordsworth gives a minute description of this church. (状语前置，主谓毗邻)

　　B：关系代词紧随先行词出现

　　Eg: There was a look in his eye that boded mischief.

　　Eg: In his eye was a look that boded mischief. (名词look先行，关系词that紧随)

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