GRE写作Argument经典结构分享
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GRE写作Argument经典结构分享
第一段：开头段。主要是归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备发起进攻。
第一层：
This argument concludes/recommends/argues that…
第二层：
To support this conclusion the writer cites…/points out that…
第三层：
However, this argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unconvincing/ unpersuasive as it stands.
第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分类别去攻击各个逻辑错误。(以因果关系类错误为例)
One problem with the argument is that, the editorial observes a correlation between… and …, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the editorial fails to rule out other possible explanations for…For example,… Any of these factors, or other social, political or economic factors, might lead to…Without ruling out all other such factors it is unfair to conclude that…
第五段：结尾段。
作者的结论似乎是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。因此作者在做出决定之前，应该还要考虑其他情况。我们通过一篇文章作为实例来介绍Argument的论证步骤和论证方法以及文章结构。
In the final analysis, the letter's author fails to adequately support the recommendation that…To bolster the argument, the arguer must provide detailed demographic/statistical evidence showing that…The author must also provide evidence--perhaps by way of a reliable survey—that…
GRE写作满分范文1
Six?months?ago?the?region?of?Forestville?increased?the?speed?limit?for?vehicles?traveling?on?the?region's?highways?by?ten?miles?per?hour.??Since?that?change?took?effect,?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?in?that?region?has?increased?by?15?percent.??But?the?speed?limit?in?Elmsford,?a?region?neighboring?Forestville,?remained?unchanged,?and?automobile?accidents?declined?slightly?during?the?same?six-month?period.??Therefore,?if?the?citizens?of?Forestville?want?to?reduce?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?on?the?region's?highways,?they?should?campaign?to?reduce?Forestville's?speed?limit?to?what?it?was?before?the?increase.??
At?first?look,?this?seems?to?be?a?very?well?presented?arguement.??A?logical?path?is?followed?throughout?the?paragraph?and?the?conclusion?is?expected.??However,?upon?a?second?consideration,?it?is?apparent?that?all?possibilities?were?not?considered?when?the?author?presented?his?conclusion?(or?at?least?that?s/he?did?not?present?all?of?the?possibilities).?There?are?numerous?potential?explanations?for?why?the?number?of?accidents?in?Elmsford?decreased?while?the?number?in?Forestville?increased.??Although?it?seems?logical?to?assume?that?the?difference?in?the?percentage?of?accidents?was?due?to?the?difference?in?whether?or?not?the?speed?limit?had?been?increased?during?the?specified?month,?this?does?not?necessarily?mean?that?the?speed?limit?should?be?reduced?back?to?what?it?originally?was?in?Forestville.??The?author?does?not?state?two?specific?pieces?of?information?that?are?important?before?a?conclusion?such?as?the?one?the?author?made?is?sound.??The?first?is?that?it?is?not?expressed?whether?the?speed?limits?in?the?two?neighboring?regions?had?had?the?same?speed?limit?before?Forestville's?speed?limit?had?been?increased.??If?they?had?originally?been?the?same,?then?it?is?reasonable?to?conclude?that?Forestville's?speed?limit?should?be?reduced?back?to?what?it?was?before?the?increase.??However,?if?the?two?region's?speed?limits?were?initially?different,?then?such?a?conclusion?can?not?be?made.??The?second?piece?of?information?that?is?necessary?for?the?present?argument?is?the?relative?number?of?accidents?in?each?of?the?areas?prior?to?the?increase?in?speed?limit.??For?the?author?to?make?the?presented?conclusion,?the?number?of?accidents?should?have?been?approximately?equal?prior?to?the?increase?in?the?speed?limit?in?Forestville.??If?the?two?missing?pieces?of?information?had?been?presented?and?were?in?the?author's?favor,?then?the?conclusion?that?the?author?made?would?have?been?much?more?sound?than?it?currently?is.??In?conclusion,?the?argument?is?not?entirely?well?reasoned,?but?given?the?information?that?was?expressed?in?the?paragraph,?it?was?presented?well,?and?in?a?logical?order.?Comments:?
This?competent?critique?claims?that?there?are?"numerous?potential?explanations?for?why?the?number?of?accidents?in?Elmsford?decreased?while?the?number?in?Forestville?increased."??However,?the?author discusses?only?two?points:??
--?whether?the?speed?limits?in?the?two?regions?were?originally?the?same;????and?
--?the?number?of?accidents?in?each?region?prior?to?Forestville's????raising?the?speed?limit.??
Although?the?response?appears?at?first?to?be?well?developed,?there?is?much?less?analysis?here?than?the?length?would?suggest.??The?first?third?and?last?third?of?the?essay?are?relatively?insubstantial,?consisting?mainly?of?general?summary?statements?(e.g.,?"A?logical?path????conclusion?is?expected"?and?"If?the?two????more?sound?than?it?currently?is").??The?real?heart?of?the?critique?consists?of?minimal?development?of?the?two?points?mentioned?above.??Therefore,?although?two?important?features?of?the?argument?are?analyzed?and?the?writer?handles?language?and?syntax?adequately,?the?lack?of?substantial?development?keeps?this?critique?from?earning?a?score?higher?than?4.
GRE写作满分范文2
Six?months?ago?the?region?of?Forestville?increased?the?speed?limit?for?vehicles?traveling?on?the?region's?highways?by?ten?miles?per?hour.??Since?that?change?took?effect,?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?in?that?region?has?increased?by?15?percent.??But?the?speed?limit?in?Elmsford,?a?region?neighboring?Forestville,?remained?unchanged,?and?automobile?accidents?declined?slightly?during?the?same?six-month?period.??Therefore,?if?the?citizens?of?Forestville?want?to?reduce?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?on?the?region's?highways,?they?should?campaign?to?reduce?Forestville's?speed?limit?to?what?it?was?before?the?increase.??
This?argument?does?not?have?any?concrete?information.??It?seems?by?Forestville,?increasing?their?speed?limit?more?accidents?occured.??We?all?know?that?accidents?occur?reguardless?of?what?the?speed?limit?of?the?highway?we?travel.??Fortunately,?Elmsford's?accidents?decreased?during?the?six-months?in?discussion.??This?could?be?because?of?good?weather,?careful?drivers,?or?any?number?of?situations.??On?the?other?hand,?Forrestville?had?an?increase?in?accidents.??The?only?determining?factor?given?was?the?speed?limit?increasing.?This?in?fact?probably?did?play?a?big?role?in?why?there?was?a?15%?percent?increase?in?the?accidents,?but?may?not?be?the?only?factor.???In?order?to?make?an?accurate?judgement?on?why?there?was?an?increase?in?automobile?accidents?the?situation??needs?to?be?researched.?Solid?facts?need?to?be?stated.???Clearly,?to?reduce?the?speed?limit?back?to?normal?in?Forrestville?would?not?eliminate?the?problem.?Comments:?
This?limited?critique?is?plainly?flawed.??The?author?begins?with?a?criticism?about?the?lack?of?"concrete?information"?but?then?fails?to?provide?any?concrete?analysis?in?the?response.??The?writer?cites?the?drop?in?Elmsford's?accidents?but?does?not?develop?any?of?the?reasons?mentioned?to?account?for?the?drop:?"good?weather,?careful?drivers,?or?any?number?of?situations."??
The?writer?then?goes?on?to?discuss?Forestville?and?suggests?that?the?speed?limit?"may?not?be?the?only?factor,"?but?this?point?is?not?developed?either.??The?author?issues?a?generic?call?for?more?research?and?facts?and?offers?an?unsupported?conclusion?of?his?or?her?own:?"Clearly,?to?reduce?the?speed?limit?
would?not?eliminate?the?problem."??Although?the?author?appears?to?know?that?there?is?something?wrong?with?the?argument,?he?or?she?does?not?seem?to?know?how?to?critique?the?argument?in?greater?detail.??
The?response?demonstrates?adequate?control?of?the?elements?of?writing,?but?the?analysis?is?so?underdeveloped?that?it?cannot?earn?a?score?higher?than?3.?
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GRE写作Argument经典结构分享
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