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初一到初三英语语法知识点归纳

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初一到初三英语语法知识点归纳

  初一到初三英语语法点归纳有哪些?想了解更多的信息吗,和学习啦小编一起看看吧!以下是学习啦小编分享给大家的初一到初三英语语法点,希望可以帮到你!

  初一到初三英语语法点

  (一)人称代词

  1.人称代词的形式:是指表示“你”“我”“他”及其复数概念的代词,人称代词有主格和宾格之分,如I是主格,me是宾格。人称代词有性别的区分,如表示第三人称单数的男性时用he, 第三人称单数的女性用she。人称代词还有数之分,如表示“我”用I , 表示“我们”用we。人称代词的所有形式如下表:

  第一人称 第二人称 第三人称

  单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数

  主格 I we you you he,she,it they

  宾格 me us you you him,her,it them

  2.人称代词的基本用法

  (1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语

  (2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作动词或介词的宾语

  (3)代词的宾格在句子中有时也作表语,特别是在口语中

  3.人称代词it的用法

  (1)代指时间、距离、天气等

  (2)代替刚提到过的事物

  (3)代替婴儿或不清楚性别的人。

  (4)代替指示代词this或that

  (5)在句子中作形式主语或宾语,代替由不定式、动名词等表示的主语或宾语,而句子真正的主语或宾语放在句子的后部,避免头重脚轻

  4.人称代词同时作主语或宾语时的排列顺序

  (1)并列的单数代词作主语或宾语的排列顺序为:第二人称,第三人称,第一人称。但在翻译时按照汉语的人称顺序进行翻译。

  (2)并列的复数代词作主语或宾语时的排列顺序为:第一人称,第二人称,第三人称。

  (3)在表示承认错误时,单数代词的排列顺序为:第一人称,第三人称,第二人称;复数的排列顺序为:第一人称,第二人称,第三人称

  (二)物主代词

  1.物主代词是表示所属关系的代词,也叫作代词的所有格。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,物主代词的所有格形式如下:

  第一人称 第二人称 第三人称

  单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数

  形容词性物主代词 my our your your his, her, its their

  名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his, hers, its theirs

  2.物主代词的用法

  (1)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,只能修饰名词,作定语。

  注意:

  ①在汉语中,表示“……的”可以省略,但在英语中必须用形容词性物主代词

  ②名词前面已经有形容词性物主代词修饰时,不能再用冠词或指示代词修饰

  ③若名词前已经有形容词性物主代词修饰,再需要其他形容词修饰时,需放在物主代词之后

  (2)名词性物主代词相当于名词,在句子中作主语、宾语或表语

  注意:

  ①名词性物主代词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于它所代替的名词的单复数形式

  ②在做句型转换时,对两类物主代词提问都用whose, 但是形式有所不同。

  ③名词性物主代词可以和of构成双重所有格,而形容词性物主代词不能。

  初中英语语法现在完成时知识点归纳

  1现在完成时的构成:

  现在完成时是由“助动词have/has+动词过去分词”构成的。

  ①助动词have/has可以与主语缩写为’ve/’s。

  e.g. I have → I’ve We have → We’ve He has → He’s It has → It’s

  ②规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样。

  ③不规则变化的动词过去分词见表。

  2现在完成时的基本句型。

  ①陈述句肯定形式。

  e.g. I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。

  He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。

  ②陈述句否定形式。(在助动词have/has后+not,可缩写为haven’t/hasn’t)

  e.g. I haven’t had lunch. 我还未吃午饭。

  He hasn’t gone to Beijing. 他还没有去北京。

  ③一般疑问句形式及其答语。(将助动词have/has提前,答语一般用have, has回答)

  e.g. Have you had lunch? 你吃过午饭了没? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.

  Has he gone to Beijing? 他去过北京了没有? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.

  否定回答还可以用:No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等。

  ④特殊疑问句形式。(疑问词+一般疑问句)

  e.g. Where has he gone? 他去了哪里?

  3现在完成时的三个基本用法。

  (1) 现在完成时的第一个基本用法表示过去发生或已完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

  e.g. Have you had lunch? Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. 你吃过午饭没?有,吃过了,我刚刚吃的。(影响及结果:我现在饱了,不需要了)

  He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去北京了。(影响及结果:他人现在不在这里了)

  该用法常already(已经), never(从不), ever(曾经), yet(仍然), just(刚刚), before(以前)等副词(作状语)连用。

  ①already, just, ever, never常用于助动词之后,实义动词之前。 already, just多用于肯定陈述句。

  e.g. She has already finished her work. 她早已干完了活。

  Would you like to go to see the film? No, I’ve seen it already.不,我已经看过了。(already偶尔会出现于句末)

  They have just won a game. 他们刚刚赢了一场比赛。

  有时already可以用于疑问句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示惊讶、意外。

  e.g. Have you finished reading the book already? 你真的已经读完这本书了?(表示惊讶)

  ever多用于疑问句,问初次经历。

  e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner? 你跟外国人讲过话吗?(问初次经历)

  never多用于否定陈述句(注:本身表示否定意义)

  e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he? 他从来没有做过这样的事,不是吗?(否定)

  ②yet一般用于疑问句(已经)或否定句(还),常位于句末。

  e.g. Have you got ready yet? 你已经准备好了吗? He hasn’t finished his homework yet. 他还没完成作业。

  ③before一般位于句末。

  e.g. I have never seen the film before. 以前我从未看过那部电影。 现在完成时的第一种用法常与以上的副词连用,因此这些词有时可以作为现在完成时的标志词。

  (2) 现在完成时的第二个基本用法表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。该用法常和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。

  ①与for +一段时间连用,表示多久。

  e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已经学习两年英语了。

  I have been here for three days. 我在这里已经3天了。

  ②与since +时间(起点)连用,表示自…以来。

  e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自1991年以来都在这家工厂工作。

  I’ve had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了。

  ③与since +一段时间+ ago连用,表示自…以前就…。

  e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半个小时前就已经在那里等候了。

  He has stayed here since three weeks ago. 他在这儿已呆了三个星期。

  ④与since +从句(从句用一般过去时)连用,表示自某事发生后就一直…。

  e.g.The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China. 格林一家自从来到中国后就一直住在北京。

  I’ve known her since I came to work here. 自从我来这里工作就认识他了。

  (3) 现在完成时的第三个基本用法表示到现在为止这一时期中多次动作的总和或所做过的工作的量的积累。

  e.g. I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次。

  We’ve learnt five English songs this year. 今年我们学了五首英语歌曲。

  How many pages of the book have you read? 这本书你读了多少页了?

  4延续性与非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用。

  (1)有一些动词是瞬间动词,也叫非延续性动词,这些动词一发生就结束了,常见的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等。这些动词虽然可以用于现在完成时(说明某个动作的结果还存在),但由于它们不能延续,因此不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用。(也即现在完成时的第二个基本用法中不能使用非延续性动词)。

  e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已经回来了。

  Jim has come back for a month. (误) come back的动作不能延续一个月,因此错误。

  (2)瞬间动词不可以用于有段时间的现在完成时态中,因此,若要解决这一问题,就应把它改为相应的延续性动词或短语,主要有以下几种:

  ①用相应的延续性动词

  如:buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold ②转换成be+名词

  如:join → be a member of go to school → be a student ③转换成be+形容词或副词

  如:die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed ④转换成be+介词短语

  如:come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(军队)

  e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已经借了那本书。

  I have kept the book for two days. 我已经借那本书两天了。

  Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已经加入那乐队了。

  Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已经加入那个乐队一个月了。

  His grandfather has died. 他祖父已经死了。

  His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已经死了两年了。

  My father has arrived in China. 我父亲已经到达中国了。

  My father has been in China for a week. 我父亲已经在中国一个星期了。

  (3)在否定句中,非延续性动词也可以与时间段连用。

  e.g. I haven’t borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以来我就没有在图书馆借过书。

  Jim hasn’t come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年没回来了。

  5现在完成时的几种常见的句型转换。

  现在完成时可以转化成一般过去时,还可以转化成“It is/has been +时间段+since从句(用一般过去时)”等句型。

  e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已经回来一个月了。 = Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一个月前就回来了

  = It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回来已经有一个月了。 = A month has passed since Jim came back. I have kept the book for two days. = I borrowed the book two days ago.

  = It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book. = Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.

  6现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:

  现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响,它和现在有密切的联系。现在完成时经常会出现下列的标志词。

  如:already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +时间段, since +时间点或从句等。一般过去时强调的是动作发生的时间、地点,不涉及对现在的影响,所以凡含有表示过去的时间状语的句子,都必须用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时。

  初一到初三英语重点知识点总结及练习

  初一年级(上)

  【知识梳理】

  I. 重点短语

  1. Sit down

  2. on duty

  3. in English

  4. have a seat

  5. at home

  6. look like

  7. look at

  8. have a look

  9. come on

  10. at work

  11. at school

  12. put on

  13. look after

  14. get up

  15. go shopping

  II. 重要句型

  1. help sb. do sth.

  2. What about…?

  3. Let’s do sth.

  4. It’s time to do sth.

  5. It’s time for …

  6. What’s…? It is…/ It’s…

  7. Where is…? It’s….

  8. How old are you? I’m….

  9. What class are you in? I’m in….

  10. Welcome to….

  11. What’s …plus…? It’s….

  12. I think…

  13. Who’s this? This is….

  14. What can you see? I can see….

  15. There is (are) ….

  16. What colour is it (are they)? It’s (They’re)…

  17. Whose …is this? It’s….

  18. What time is it? It’s….

  III. 交际用语

  1. Good morning, Miss/Mr….

  2. Hello! Hi!

  3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too.

  4. How are you? I’m fine, thank you/thanks. And you?

  5. See you. See you later.

  6. Thank you! You’re welcome.

  7. Goodbye! Bye!

  8. What’s your name? My name is ….

  9. Here you are. This way, please.

  10. Who’s on duty today?

  11. Let’s do.

  12. Let me see.

  IV. 重要语法

  1. 动词be的用法;

  2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法;

  3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法;

  4. 冠词的基本用法;

  5. There be句型的用法。

  【名师讲解】

  1. in/on

  在表示空间位置时,in表示在某个空间的范围以内,on表示在某一个物体的表面之上。例如:

  There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。

  There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。

  2. this/that/these/those

  (1)this常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人和事,these是this的复数形式。that常常用来指在时间、地点上离讲话人更远一点的人和事,those时that的复数形式。例如:

  You look in this box and I’ll look in that one over there.你看看这个盒子,我去看那边的那个盒子。

  I want this car, not that car. 我想要这辆小汽车,不是那一辆。

  Take these books to his room, please. 请把这些书拿到他房间去。

  This is mine; that’s yours. 这个是我的,那个是你的。

  These are apples; those are oranges. 这些是苹果,那些是橘子。

  (2)在打电话的用语中,this常常指的是我,that常常指的是对方。例如:

  This is Mary speaking. Who’s that? 我是玛丽。你是谁?

  3. There be/ have

  There be "有",其确切含意为"某处或某时存在某人或某物。"其结构是:There be + 某人或某物 + 表示地点或时间的状语。There be 后面的名词实际上是主语,be 动词的形式要和主语在数上保持一致,be动词后面的名词是单数或不可数名词时用is,名词是复数时用are。例如:

  (1) There is a big bottle of coke on the table. 桌上有一大瓶子可乐。

  (2) There is a doll in the box. 那个盒子里有个娃娃。

  (3) There are many apples on the tree. 那树上有许多苹果。

  总之,There be结构强调的是一种客观存在的"有"。have表示"拥有,占有,具有",即:某人有某物(sb. have / has sth.)。主语一般是名词或代词,与主语是所属关系。例如:

  (4) I have two brothers and one sister.我有两个兄弟,一个姐姐。

  (5) That house has four rooms.那所房子有四个房间。

  4. look/ see/ watch

  (1)look 表示“看、瞧”,着重指认真看,强调看的动作,表示有意识地注意看,但不一定看到,以提醒对方注意。,如:

  Look! The children are playing computer games. 瞧!孩子们在玩电脑游戏。

  Look! What’s that over there? 看!那边那个是什么?

  单独使用是不及物动词,如强调看某人/物,其后接介词at,才能带宾语,如:

  He’s looking at me。他正在看着我。

  (2)see强调“看”的结果,着重的是look这个动作的结果,意思是“看到”,see是及物动词,后面能直接跟宾语。如:

  What can you see in the picture? 你能在图上看到什么?

  Look at the blackboard. What did you see on it?看黑板!你看到了什么?

  (3)watch“观看,注视”,侧重于场面,表示全神贯注地观看、观察或注视某事务的活动,强调过程,常用于“看电视、看足球、看演出”等。如:

  Yesterday we watched a football match on TV.昨天我们从电视上看了一场足球比赛。

  4. put on/ / in

  put on意为“穿上,戴上”。主要指“穿上”这一动作, 后面接表示服装、鞋帽的名词。

  in 是介词,表示“穿着”强调状态。在句中可以做定语、标语和状语。如:

  It’s cold outside, put on your coat. 外面冷,穿上你的外衣。

  He puts on his hat and goes out. 他戴上帽子,走了出去。

  The woman in a white blouse is John’s mother.穿白色衬衣的那个妇女是John的妈妈。

  5. house/ home/family

  house :“房子”,指居住的建筑物; Home: “家”,指一个人同家人共同经常居住的地方; Family: “家庭“,“家庭成员”。例如:

  Please come to my house this afternoon. 今天下午请到我家来。

  He is not at home. 他不在家。

  My family all get up early. 我们全家都起得很早。

  6. fine, nice, good, well

  四者都可用作形容词表示"好"之意,但前三者既可作表语又可作定语,而后者仅用作表语。主要区别在于:

  (1) fine指物时表示的是质量上的"精细",形容人时表示的是"身体健康",也

  可以用来指"天气晴朗"。例如:

  Your parents are very fine. 你父母身体很健康。

  That's a fine machine. 那是一台很好的机器。

  It's a fine day for a walk today. 今天是散步的好时候。

  (2)nice主要侧重于人或物的外表,有"美好","漂亮"的意思,也可用于问候或赞扬别人。例如:

  Lucy looks nice. 露西看上去很漂亮。

  These coats are very nice. 那些裙子很好看。

  Nice to meet you. 见到你很高兴。

  It's very nice of you. 你真好。

  (3)good形容人时指"品德好",形容物时指"质量好",是表示人或物各方面都好的普通用语。例如:

  Her son is a good student. 她儿子是一个好学生。

  The red car is very good. 那辆红色小汽车很好。

  (4)well只可用来形容人的"身体好",但不能作定语,它也能用作副词作状语,多放在所修饰的动词之后。例如:

  I'm very well, thanks. 我身体很好,谢谢。

  My friends sing well. 我的朋友们歌唱得好。

  【考点扫描】

  中考考点在本单元主要集中在:

  1. 动词be的用法;

  2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法;

  3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法;

  4. 冠词的基本用法;

  5. There be句型的用法。

  6. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型;

  7. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。

  考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空、完成句子。

  【中考范例】

  1. (2004年北京市中考试题)

  Mary, please show ________ your picture.

  A. my B. mine C. I D. me

  【解析】答案:D。该题考查的是人称代词和物主代词的用法。本题中动词show后面跟双宾语,空白处应填入人称代词的宾格me作宾语。

  2. (2004年上海市徐汇区中考试题)

  _________ orange on the desk is for you, Mike.

  A. A B.An C. / D. The

  【解析】答案:D。该题考查的是冠词的基本用法。因为是特指课桌上的那个橘子,所以用定冠词the。

  3. (2004年哈尔滨市中考试题)

  ---What _______ the number of the girls in your class?

  ---About twenty.

  A. is B. am C. are D. be

  【解析】答案:A。该题考查的是动词be的用法和主谓一致。the number作主语,应该是单数第三人称,动词be变为is。

  4. (2004年陕西省中考试题)

  There _______ a football match on TV this evening.

  A. will have B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have

  【解析】答案:B。该题考查的是There be…句型和动词have用法区别。There be句型本身就表示“在某个地方存在某个人或物”,不能和动词have混在一起用。

  【满分演练】

  一. 单项填空

  1. ---What colour is the bike?

  ---It’s _______ orange.

  A. an B. a C. / D. the

  2. That isn’t her bag. It’s ________.

  A. my B. I C. mine D. me

  3. ---Oh, your kite is very nice.

  ---__________________.

  A. That’s right B. No, it’s not nice C. Yes, it is D. Thank you

  4. The woman is sixty, but she _______ young.

  A. is B. sees C. looks D. watches

  5. It’s time ________ lunch. Let’s go home.

  A. to B. in C. for D. on

  6. ---________ is your coat?

  ---The black one.

  A. What B. Where C. Which D. How

  7. ---________ is the toy?

  ---It’s on the bed.

  A. Who B. Where C. What D. Whose

  8. The shoes are too old. Put ________ over there.

  A. it B. they C. their D. them

  9. Excuse me. Can you _______ my watch, please?

  A. look B. look like C. look after D. look at

  10. Look _______ the blackboard and listen _______ the teacher.

  A. / / B. at; to C. after; / D. on; after

  11. ---Whose dress is this?

  ---It’s _________.

  A. Lucy B. Lucy’s C. Jim D. Jim’s

  12. The girl ______ the purple coat is his sister.

  A. at B. in C. on D. with

  13. There is a bird ______ the tree.

  A. in B. on C. to D. of

  14. There are many ________ in our school.

  A. woman teachers B. woman teacher

  C. women teacher D. women teachers

  15. ---Is there a ball under the desk?

  ---______________________.

  A. Yes, it is B. Yes, there’s

  C. No, there isn’t D. No, there is

  16. There _______ some books and a pencil on the desk.

  A. am B. is C. are D. be

  17. ---Let me help you.

  ---_______________.

  A. You’re welcome B. Thanks very much

  C. Don’t worry D. Yes, thanks

  18. ______ old man is ______ English teacher.

  A. The; an B. An; an C. The; the D. A; a

  19. ---What _____ five plus six?

  ---It’s eleven.

  A. am B. is C. are D. /

  20. ---What ______ you see in the picture?

  ---I can see some flowers.

  A. must B. can C. are D. do

  二. 完形填空

  This is a picture of Kat’s ____1____. What can we ____2_____ in the picture? Look ____3____ it, please. The man ____4____ the black coat is Kate’s father, Mr. Green. The ____5____ in the red sweater is Mrs. Green. They ____6____ young. The baby is Kate. The little boy is Kate’s ____7_____, Jim. ___8____ the man behind Mrs. Green? Oh, he’s ____9___ brother, Mr. Read. He ____10____ young, too.

  1. A. families B. family C. parents D. brothers

  2. A. look B. do C. see D.put

  3. A. at B. after C. for D. up

  4. A. on B. of C. in D. to

  5. A. man B. girl C. women D. woman

  6. A. are B. is C. look like D. looking

  7. A. sister B. brother C. father D. aunt

  8. A. What’s B. Where’s C. Who’s D. How is

  9. A. his B. her C. our D. their

  10. A. looks B. am C. look D. very

  三. 在B栏中找出A栏英语句子的正确答语

  (A) (B)

  1. How are you? A. I am in Row 6.

  2. Can you spell it, please? B. Fine, thank you.

  3. How do you do? C. Yes, b-o-o-k, book.

  4. What row are you in? D. It is ten.

  5. What’s two plus eight? E. Nice to meet you, too.

  6. Nice to meet you. F. I am 14.

  7. How old are you? G. Wang Ping is.

  8. Who’s not here? H. It’s here.

  9. Where is the bag? I. It’s a book.

  10. What is this in English? J. How do you do?

  四. 完成对话:在对话后面的句子中选出正确的填入空白处

  Jim: Excuse me, Ann. Whose black dog is this? Is it yours?

  Ann: Let me have a look.________1_______. I think it’s Sam’s. My dog is brown.

  Jim: Sam, look at the dog behind the tree.________2__________?

  Sam: Sorry, it isn’t mine. My dog is black and white. I think it looks like Mary’s.

  Jim: _____________3______________?

  Sam: She’s my friend. Look! She’s over there. Let’s go and ask her.

  Jim: _______________4_______________.

  Sam: Hi, Mary! Is that dog yours?

  Mary: _______________5_______________.

  Sam: It’s a lovely dog! Don’t lose it!

  Mary: Yes, thank you.

  A. Who’s Mary

  B. OK, let’s go

  C. Oh, no it’s not mine

  D. Oh, yes. It’s mine

  E. Is it yours

  五. 用所给单词的适当形式填空

  1. ________ (He) pen is in ______ (I) pencil-box.

  2. ________ (You) shoes ________ (be) under the bed.

  3. ________ (Who) new ruler is this?

  4. ---Are these trousers _______ (you)?

  ---No, they aren’t ________ (we)

  5. It’s time ________ (go) and play games.

  6. This is my pen. Please give it to ________ (I).

  7. I have two ________ (baby).

  8. Look! That is a ________ (China) car.

  9. It is __________ (my teacher) sweater.

  10. Now her ________ ( parent) are in America.

  初一年级(下)

  【知识梳理】

  I. 重点短语

  1. a bottle of

  2. a little

  3. a lot (of)

  4. all day

  5. be from

  6. be over

  7. come back

  8. come from

  9. do one’s homework

  10. do the shopping

  11. get down

  12. get home

  13. get to

  14. get up

  15. go shopping

  16. have a drink of

  17. have a look

  18. have breakfast

  19. have lunch

  20. have supper

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