北京十三陵英语导游词
明十三陵位于北京市昌平区境内天寿山南麓，地处东、西、北三面环山的小盆地之中，陵前有小河曲折蜿蜒，陵区共埋葬了13位皇帝、23位皇后、2位太子、30余名妃嫔。接下来是小编为大家整理的关于北京十三陵英语导游词，方便大家阅读与鉴赏!
北京十三陵英语导游词1
Now you have come to Changping District, the outer suburb of Beijing. What you are about to enter is the Ming Tombs scenic area. During this time, I will explain the historical background and explanation of the Ming Tombs.
Zhu Di, the emperor of Yongle in Ming Dynasty, sent some geomantic warlocks to Beijing in 1407 to choose "auspicious soil", which is actually auspicious land to build a mausoleum. At that time, these people looked for many places, but they were not successful. At first, they chose tujiaying, which was not in their mouth. However, the emperor's surname was Zhu, who had the same pronunciation as pig, and made a taboo. Then I chose Yangshan mountain in the southwest of Changping, but there is a village called "langkouyu" behind it. Isn't that more dangerous? Later I chose Yanjiatai in the west of Beijing, which has the same pronunciation as "Yanjia", which is very unlucky. Finally, it was not until the seventh year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty that the present Tianshou mausoleum area was selected. There are Mangshan, Huyu, Longshan and Tianshou mountains around it. This is exactly the location of the four gods in the Yin Yang and five elements, that is, the East Green Dragon, the west white tiger, the South rosefinch, the North Xuanwu, and the Wenyu River. It is really a geomantic treasure land. From this we can see how much energy it took for the emperor to build a mausoleum for himself.
After that, the construction of Changling began, and it was finally completed after four years. The emperors of Ming dynasty built mausoleums here one after another. Moreover, from the construction of Changling in 1409 to the end of Ming Dynasty in 1644, the construction of Ming Tombs never stopped. In this area of 40 square kilometers, 13 emperors, 23 queens, many concubines and princes of the Ming Dynasty were buried. However, it did not survive completely. After the Qing soldiers entered the pass, in order to revenge the Jin people, they destroyed the ancestral Tomb of the Qing Taizu, so they burned it here.
Later, in the 50th year of Qianlong, in order to win over the Han people, they ordered to repair the mausoleum area. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, large-scale development was carried out here, and the Changling, Dingling and Zhaoling tombs were opened, among which the underground palace of Dingling has been excavated. Now it has become a key scenic spot in China, and is the most well preserved tomb group with the largest number of emperors buried in the world.
Now you may be thinking: isn't there sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty? Why are there only thirteen emperors' mausoleums here? In fact, the reason is very simple. Because Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, built his capital in Nanjing, his mausoleum is in Nanjing, that is, Ming Xiaoling; Jianwen emperor, the second emperor of Ming Dynasty, was seized the throne by Zhu Di, and his remains are unknown, so there is no mausoleum here; At the time of Yingzong, the seventh emperor of Ming Dynasty, he was once encouraged by Wang Zhen, a eunuch, to lead the army to fight personally. Later, he was captured by the Wasi army at Tu Tu fort in Huailai, Hebei Province. This event is called "the change of Tu". A country can't be without a monarch, so his brother was canonized as emperor Jingtai. Later, Yingzong's "change of seizing the throne" was staged, so there was no Jingtai in the Ming Tombs Emperor's mausoleum, he was buried in the western suburbs of jinshankou as a prince. In this way, everyone must understand why it is called the Ming Tombs.
Now you can see this stone archway along the way, which is the symbol of the mausoleum area. It was made during the Jiajing period. The archway is 5 rooms, 6 columns and 11 floors. It is 14 meters high and 28.86 meters wide. It is the largest and most exquisite stone archway preserved in China. The patterns and decorations on it are also cloud dragon patterns, reflecting the characteristics of royal architecture.
Dagongmen is the main gate of the mausoleum area, also known as dahongmen. The gate is southward and has three holes. Inside the gate is the mausoleum area. On both sides of the gate are inscriptions of "officials waiting to dismount here", because at that time, it was stipulated that these people had to walk into the mausoleum area, otherwise they would be punished. Moreover, this is also a forbidden area. It's not a place where ordinary people can enter at will. The serious problem is that they have to be beheaded. When you enter this gate, you will enter the Shinto that runs through the north and south of the mausoleum and directly leads to the gate of Changling mausoleum. The Shinto of the Ming Dynasty is also the longest in the imperial mausoleum built in China. In fact, its main function is to let the emperor's soul pass through, with a total length of 7 kilometers.
As we walk, we can see a stele Pavilion in front of us. This pavilion is a building with double eaves on the top of Xieshan mountain. Inside it is a huge tablet carrying a heavy burden. This is the tablet of praising virtue, a divine skill of Changling. It was officially established in 1435. On the front is the tablet of praising virtue written by Zhu gaochi, the eldest son of Emperor Yongle, with more than 3000 words. On the back is the thirty rhymes of AI Ming mausoleum written in the 50th year of Qianlong, which records the damage of the mausoleum in detail. On the east side of the monument is the cost of the Qing government to repair the mausoleum, and on the west side is the reason for the collapse of the Ming Dynasty in the ninth year of Jiaqing.
After the stele Pavilion, we continue to walk along the Shinto road. We will find that there are many stone carvings on both sides of the Shinto road. In fact, there are 36 stone carvings here, which are called stone carvings. Next to the pavilion is two stone columns. Next, lions, elephants, camels, elephants, Kirin and horses. Each has four _, arranged in a sequence of lying down and standing. Then there were four military officials, four civil officials and four meritorious officials. These buildings were built to reflect the emperor's honor guard before his death and his dignity after his death. So the volume is very large and the carving is very fine. And these also symbolize that the emperor can be respected in his life, and also in his death. All the sacred, civil and military officials should be respected for me.
Further on, you can see a Lingxing gate, also known as Longfeng gate, which means Tianmen. In the middle of the three doors and six pillars, there are three flame pearls, so it is also called flame archway.
In fact, we have been marching along the Shinto all the time. Let's review, first the stone archway, then the grand palace gate. Now we are going to enter Changling. Stele Pavilion, stone elephant life, after the dragon and Phoenix gate, there is still a long way to reach the Changling mausoleum gate. In fact, the central axis of the whole mausoleum group is the Shinto, which runs through the north and south of the mausoleum, with a total length of 7 kilometers.
As for the Changling mausoleum, it is the first mausoleum among the Ming Tombs. It was built in 1409 and completed in 1416. It is the joint Tomb of Emperor Zhu Di and empress Xu of Yongle, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Di was the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. When Zhu Yuanzhang died, Zhu Di sent troops from Beiping to capture Nanjing in the name of Jingnan, and won the throne from Zhu Yunwen, the emperor at that time, and changed his name to Yongle. This event was called the battle of Jingnan in history.
Zhu Di was a great emperor. After he became emperor, he still fought for years in order to consolidate the rule of Ming Dynasty, and made a major decision to move the capital to Beijing in 1420. During the Ming Dynasty under his rule, the National Treasury was abundant and the political situation was stable. He also ordered people to write Yongle Dadian, the largest book in Chinese history. He sent Zheng He to the West seven times and developed friendly relations among countries. His wife, empress Xu Da, the daughter of Xu Da, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, is also a woman with Chinese classical beauty. She once wrote "neixun" and "Quanshan" to cultivate people's minds. She died after five years of illness. It is worth mentioning that the first person buried in Changling was not Zhu Di, but empress Xu. Changling covers an area of 10 hectares. Its central axis consists of Lingen gate, Lingen hall, minglou, Baocheng and Baoding. There are three entrances to the mausoleum. The first entrance is from the gate of the mausoleum to the gate of the mausoleum. You can see a small stele Pavilion on both sides of the mausoleum. However, there were no words on it at that time. Now the words are written by Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty.
Lingen hall is located in the second courtyard of the mausoleum. It was built in 1412 in the 14th year of Yongle of Ming Dynasty. It is the place where memorial tablets and sacrificial activities are held. It is nine rooms wide and five rooms deep. It is a building with double eaves and veranda. There are 60 nanmu pillars in the hall, and the diameter of the four pillars in the middle is more than one meter. It is the best nanmu hall in China. There was originally a large Buddhist niche in Lingen hall, but now it is no longer there. Instead, there is a sitting statue of Emperor Yongle made by later generations. You can take a look around the back of the statue. You can see that there is a dragon carved on the back of the chair, and the dragon head is facing the head of Emperor Wanli, which indicates that the emperor is the real dragon emperor. All around are exhibitions of unearthed cultural relics.
Behind the middle hall is the back hall. It is the largest hall in the underground palace. It is 9.5 meters tall, 31 meters long and 9.1 meters wide. The ground is paved with polished mottled stones. In the back hall, there is a coffin bed with white stone edge. There is a long square hole in the center, and the middle is filled with loess, which is the first shovel of loess when choosing the tomb. It is called Jinjing, which is the basic point of the architectural pattern of the whole mausoleum. Jade burial refers to placing jade around and inside the coffin or in the mouth of the dead. The reason for this is that the ancients believed that Jinjing could communicate with Yin and Yang and exchange life, while jade burial could keep the corpse from rotting. Jinjing jade burial was the highest level funeral in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Of course, these are the ideals of the ancients, without any scientific basis. On the coffin bed are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and two empresses, as well as 26 wooden boxes for funerary objects.
According to the rules of the emperor's mausoleum, the back hall is only used to place the emperor's coffins. Why do the two empresses' coffins also appear here? This phenomenon is not clearly recorded in the historical materials, but according to experts' speculation: in the 48th year of Wanli, first empress Xiaoduan died, then Emperor Wanli died in July, and his son Zhu Changluo died 29 days after he ascended the throne In the case of Hongwan, two emperors, a queen and empress Xiaojing were killed in this short hundred days, and they had to be moved and buried. Such a huge task was put on the Emperor Zhu Youxiao who had just ascended the throne, so the preparations were very hasty.
Moreover, it was the rainy season at that time, so it was not convenient to open the Queen's side hall, so the coffins of the emperor and queen entered through the main door. But when I got to the underground palace, I found that the corridor of the side hall was too narrow for the Queen's coffin to enter, so I had to put them into the back hall. Now you can understand what the decoration of the coffin in the underground palace is like. Well, now please follow me out of the underground palace.
With the end of the visit to the Ming Tombs, our trip to the Ming Tombs is coming to an end. I believe everyone will sigh for this huge imperial mausoleum group. With the continuous development of cultural relics protection in China, the state has invested a lot of money to repair the Ming Tombs, and this grand Imperial Mausoleum will be preserved forever. At the same time, I also hope you can leave a good impression on this place. You are welcome to visit again next time.
北京十三陵英语导游词2
The Ming Tombs are the tombs of the Ming emperors in China. They are located in Tianshou mountain at the foot of Yanshan Mountain in Changping District, northwest suburb of Beijing. From May, 1409, the seventh year of Yongle, the Changling mausoleum was built here to the burial of Chongzhen, the last emperor of Ming Dynasty, in Siling. During the 230 years, 13 emperor mausoleums, seven concubines' tombs and one eunuch's tomb were built successively. Thirteen emperors, 23 queens, two princes, more than 30 concubines and one eunuch were buried.
In Ming Dynasty, warlocks thought that it was a place of "Fengshui" and "auspicious soil". Therefore, it was selected as the "longevity area" for the construction of imperial mausoleum in Ming Dynasty. Gu Yanwu, a famous scholar in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, once wrote a poem describing the winning situation here: "the mountains come from the south, and the momentum is like a dragon flying; the East toe is located in Lulong, and the west ridge is in Taihang; the rear Jiri sits in Huanghua (referring to Huanghua town), and the front is facing Shenjing; in the middle is wannianzhai, which is called kangjiazhuang; it can accommodate millions of people, and suddenly opens Mingtang." This beautiful natural landscape was regarded as geomantic treasure land by feudal rulers.
The cemetery was built in 1409-1644, with a history of more than 300-500 years. Covering an area of 40 square kilometers, the mausoleum is the largest mausoleum complex in China and even in the world, with the largest number of mausoleums for emperors and empresses. In 2003, the Ming Tombs were listed in the world heritage list. According to the evaluation of the World Heritage Committee, the Royal mausoleums of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were carefully selected according to the geomantic theory, and a large number of buildings were skillfully placed underground. It is the product of human changing nature, embodies the traditional architectural and decorative ideas, and explains the world outlook and power outlook of feudal China lasting for more than 5000 years.
This article is from Zhimeng
The Ming Tombs are the general name of the royal tombs of the 13 emperors after the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing. There are Changling (Chengzu), Xianling (Renzong), jingling (Xuanzong), Yuling (Yingzong), Maoling (Xianzong), tailing (Xiaozong), Kangling (Wuzong), Yongling (Shizong), Zhaoling (muzong), Dingling (Shenzong), Qingling (Guangzong), Deling (Xizong) and Siling (Sizong), so they are called the Ming Tombs. The Ming Tombs are the tombs of thirteen Ming emperors.
The Ming Dynasty experienced sixteen emperors. Why is it called the Ming Tombs? Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, built his capital in Nanjing and was buried in the sun of Zhongshan in Nanjing after his death, which is called "Ming Xiaoling". The second Emperor Zhu Yunwen (emperor Jianwen) sent troops to Nanjing in the name of "Jingnan" (relieving the emperor's distress) because of his uncle Zhu Di. Some people say that when a monk became a monk, his whereabouts are unknown (this is a pending case in Ming Dynasty History), so there is no mausoleum. Zhu Qiyu, the seventh emperor, was captured by Wala because of his brother emperor Yingzong, and became emperor under the will of the Empress Dowager and ministers. Later Yingzong was put back. Under the planning of his confidants, he made a "change of seizing the door". Yingzong was restored and became emperor again. In the Ming Tombs (14 pieces), Zhu Qiyu was killed. Yingzong refused to recognize him as the emperor and destroyed his mausoleum built in Tianshou mountain. As a "King", he was buried in Yuquan mountain in the western suburb of Beijing.
Zhimeng content management system
On the way to the Ming Tombs, you have to pass the West Pass of Changping. Naturally, you will see the bronze statue of Li Zicheng. It is said that the bronze statue was built in 1994 by famous sculptor Zhang Zhaoxu. It was originally placed in xiaoyingkou, 10 kilometers away from Beijing's Desheng Gate, where Li Zicheng marched into Beijing. Later, in order to build a highway, Li Zicheng's statue was moved to the west gate of Changping and placed at the gate of the Ming Tombs. Li Zicheng is a typical tragic figure. He rebelled for 18 years and was in power for only 42 days. It will take one or two days to really ascend the throne of the Dashun Dynasty. In his body, the most obvious embodiment of the cycle rate of "its prosperity is also vigorous, its death is also sudden".
北京十三陵英语导游词3
Dear friends
Hello everyone! With the start of the car, today's tourism activities will officially start. I'm very glad to have the opportunity to accompany you to visit the Ming Tombs.
The world famous Ming Tombs are located at the foot of Yanshan Mountain in Changping District of Beijing. In the surrounding area of 40 square kilometers, there are 13 emperors, 23 queens, many concubines, princesses, princesses and other maids buried in the Ming Dynasty. At this point, some friends who are familiar with Chinese history may have a question in their heart: there were 16 emperors in the Ming Dynasty, why only 13 of them were buried here? To answer this question, we need to recall the history of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, built the capital in today's Nanjing and was buried in the "Ming Xiaoling" in Zhongshan, Nanjing after his death. Because Prince Zhu Biao died early, he passed the throne to his eldest grandson Zhu Yunwen. Yongle Emperor Zhu Di won the throne from his nephew Zhu Yunwen. Zhu Di sent troops to the south in the name of removing treacherous officials. Jianwen Emperor Zhu Yunwen's whereabouts are unknown in this catastrophe. Some people say that the palace was burned to death at that time. Others say that they became monks. This is still a mystery in the history of the Ming Dynasty, so there is no mausoleum. Zhu Qiyu, the seventh emperor of the Ming Dynasty, became the emperor because his elder brother Yingzong Zhu Qizhen was a prisoner in the "civil fortress change" and the palace could not be without a master for a day.
Later, Yingzong was released. Under the planning of his confidants, Yingzong carried out a "change of seizing the door", and became emperor again. After Zhu Qiyu died, Yingzong refused to recognize him as an emperor, destroyed the mausoleum built by Zhu Qiyu in the Ming Tombs area, and buried him as a "Prince" in jinshankou, western suburb of Beijing. In this way, of the 16 Ming emperors, two were buried elsewhere, one was missing, and the other 13 were buried here, so they are collectively referred to as "Ming Tombs". The Ming Tombs is a group of mausoleum buildings with the most complete preservation and burial of emperors in the world.
The Ming Tombs are built in a beautiful mountain area, about 50 kilometers away from the capital, covering an area of about 40 square kilometers. The site of the Ming Tombs was selected and built according to the principle of geomantic omen, because people in ancient China paid great attention to geomantic omen when they were building houses or mausoleums. The emperor is more pretentious, not only to live a luxurious life, but also want to continue to enjoy after death, so the choice of mausoleum is very important.
When choosing the mausoleum site, it is necessary to choose a good place with mountains and water, good natural environment and "gas accumulation wind". And the Ming Tombs is such a good place: the whole mausoleum area is surrounded by mountains in the East, West and North, and there are Dragon Mountain and Tiger Mountain in the south, forming a natural gateway, which is in line with the saying of "left Green Dragon and right white tiger" in geomantic omen. It is like a huge courtyard in the middle. The Wenyu River in the mausoleum area meanders from northwest to Southeast, forming the holding water in the mausoleum area. In the whole mausoleum area, Changling is the key, the line between Dagongmen and Changling is the central axis, and Tianshou mountain is the Zhenshan in the north. It is an ideal mausoleum with mountains on its back, water on its surface and wind gathering in gas reservoirs.
The reason why Emperor Yongle chose the present Tianshou mountain was also after many twists and turns. After the battle of Jingnan, Zhu Di became emperor in Nanjing. At that time, he decided to move his capital to Beijing in order to consolidate his political power. In 1407, the fifth year of Yongle, Zhu Di's empress Xu died. At that time, in order to express his determination to move the capital to Beijing, Zhu Di sent the Minister of rites and geomantic warlock Liao Junqing to Beijing to choose "auspicious soil". It is said that several places have been selected.
The first choice is tujiaying, but because the emperor's surname is Zhu, which is the same as "pig", and "Tu" means slaughtering, pigs will definitely die when they enter the slaughterhouse, so it's not appropriate to commit taboos. Another place is at the foot of the Yangshan mountain in the southwest of Changping. Pigs and sheep instinctively live in harmony, but there is a village behind the mountain called "langeryu". It's more dangerous to have wolves beside pigs, and it can't be used. Later, he chose Yanjiatai in the west of Beijing, but "Yanjia" and "Yanjia" are homophonic, which is also unlucky.
Because the death of the ancient emperor, in addition to called "death", also called "Yan Jia". Although the landscape of Tanzhe Temple is good, it is deep and narrow in the mountains, which is not conducive to the development of future generations. Later came to today's Tianshou mountain. Tianshou mountain was called Huangtu mountain at that time. After Emperor Yongle personally inspected it, he felt very satisfied. At that time, he made an order to designate Huangtu mountain as his "good soil for ten thousand years". This year is also the year of his 50th birthday, so he named Huangtu mountain "Tianshou mountain". From the construction of Changling mausoleum in 1409, the seventh year of Yongle, until Chongzhen, the last emperor of Ming Dynasty, was buried in Siling mausoleum, the construction of Ming Tombs lasted for more than 230 years.
The Ming Tombs have a history of more than 300-500 years since it was built, and the buildings on the ground have been seriously damaged many times, the most serious of which was during the Qing army's entry period. So why did the Qing army destroy the Ming Tombs on a large scale? Because at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Nurhachi, the emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty, rose in the northeast, which directly threatened the security of the Ming Dynasty.
As a result, some people say that the prosperity of the Qing soldiers is related to the geomantic omen of their ancestral graves. If their ancestral graves are destroyed, the Qing soldiers can be eliminated. The ancestors of Manchu are Jin people, and the ancestral Tomb of Jin Dynasty is in Fangshan, Beijing. Zhu Youxiao, the Ming Dynasty's Apocalypse emperor, believed it. As expected, he sent people to Fangshan to destroy Jinling and built a Guandi temple in that town. Of course, this method could not suppress the Qing army. As a result, after the Qing army entered the pass, they took the same means of revenge and destroyed the Ming Tombs. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, in order to win over the Han people, Emperor Qianlong once ordered the Ming mausoleum to be repaired. However, in the period of the Republic of China [around 1914], local tyrants and evil gentry destroyed the Ming Tombs on a large scale in order to fight for property rights. It was not until after the founding of new China that we were able to see the true face of Lushan Mountain today after constant renovation and landscaping. Now the Ming Tombs have become a famous tourist attraction in China.
Dear friends, the above is the general situation of the Ming Tombs. The purpose is to give you a preliminary understanding of the Ming Tombs. I will introduce the situation of the scenic spot to you in detail after arriving at the scenic spot.
北京十三陵英语导游词4
The Ming Tombs are located at the foot of Tianshou mountain in Changping District of Beijing. There are 13 Ming emperors buried here, so they are called Ming Tombs. From the seventh year of Yongle (1409) to the early year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, the construction of Changling was 200 years. The Ming Tombs system is completed with a large scale, which is the most complete mausoleum group in the world with many emperors buried. In 2003, the Ming Tombs were listed in the "Century Heritage List" by UNESCO, becoming a must visit place for Chinese and foreign tourists to Beijing.
There are sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty. Why is there only the Ming Tombs? That's because there are three emperors in the Ming Dynasty who are not buried here. One is the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, the second Emperor Zhu Yunwen, and the other is the king Tai Emperor Zhu Qiyu. Zhu Di, the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was the first to build a mausoleum in Beijing.
In July of the fifth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1407), the empress Xu of Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, died. Zhu Di ordered Zhao Dan, the Minister of rites, and Liao Junqing, a Jiangxi warlock, to build a mausoleum in Beijing. Finally, the area around louziying of kangjiazhuang in Changping District today was selected as the site of the mausoleum and reported to the emperor. After Zhu Di personally inspected the site, he was very satisfied. He named the mountain "Tianshou mountain" and chose "auspicious day of the Yellow Road" to start the construction of the mausoleum.
From the seventh year of Yongle to the second year of Xuande (1409-1427), it took 18 years to complete the mausoleum. Empress Xu was buried first, and then Zhu Di himself. Zhu Di named his mausoleum "Changling", which is the "first mausoleum" of the Ming Tombs.
The follow-up decoration of Changling is not over. In the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Houfu ordered to build the Shinto of Changling. Large stone archways and stele towers on Shinto were built one after another. So it took more than 130 years for Changling to be built. The Shinto of the Changling mausoleum was completed in turn with the mausoleums of the successive emperors of the Ming Dynasty, and became the main Shinto of the Ming Tombs.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the GATT, it encountered great difficulties in ruling the country, so the imperial court took many measures to ease the people's fierce resistance. For example, the postponement of shaving and changing clothes, the restoration of imperial examination, the reuse of Han officials, and the management of Ming Dynasty mausoleum.
During the reign of Kangxi, every time Emperor Kangxi visited the south, he would go to Nanjing's Xiaoling of Ming Dynasty to offer sacrifices to Zhu Yuanzhang. He also went to the right side of the Shinto of Xiaoling of Ming Dynasty (the left side was the top in ancient times) to show his respect for Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty. During the reign of Yongzheng, Emperor Yongzheng made a wish for his son to become his father, aiming to find the direct descendants of the Ming emperor. When you find it, you'll be the official. During the reign of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong granted the descendants of the Zhu royal family first-class yan'en marquis. In addition, the Qing government set up a special envoy, namely eunuch guarding the mausoleum, to be responsible for specific related matters. The tomb owners are responsible for taking care of the cemetery buildings and the trees in the cemetery area.
During the period of the Republic of China, the last generation of yan'en Marquis was Zhu YuXun. Because of his laziness and self-discipline, the government of the Republic of China removed him from all his duties related to the custody of the mausoleum area, and from then on, yan'en Hou withdrew from the stage of history.
Now the Ming Tombs, under the protection and repair of the government, have restored part of the landscape. The whole mausoleum is composed of thirteen mausoleums: Chang, Xian, Jing, Yu, Mao, Tai, Kang, Yong, Zhao, Ding, Qing, de and Si, which are arranged at the foot of Tianshou mountain. On the left is Mangshan, which is a symbol of green dragon, and on the right is Huyu, which is a symbol of white tiger. In front of the mountain, there is a small stream, which forms a pool in the southeast. This is the famous Ming Tombs reservoir. There are also 23 queens, one imperial concubine, dozens of people who died in the funeral palace, seven imperial concubine tombs and one eunuch tomb.
As tourist attractions, four of them are open to the outside world. They are Changling Shinto, Changling, Dingling and Zhaoling. I'm going to talk about Changling today.
The owner of Changling tomb is Zhu Di, the third emperor of Ming Dynasty and the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. He was born in 1360 and died in 1424.
Zhu Di's life was full of ups and downs. At the age of 11, he was granted the title of king of Yan. At the age of 17, he married Xu Da's eldest daughter, the Xu family. At the age of 21, he took office in Beiping (that is, Beijing) and became the highest chief executive of Beiping region, integrating military, political and power. At the age of 40, he fought in the name of "Jingnan" and took Nanjing for four years. He won the throne from his nephew Zhu Yunwen and became the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Di has been in power for 22 years. When he was in power, he was diligent in government affairs, concerned about the people and lived a simple life.
The most outstanding achievements are as follows: first, he presided over the compilation of Yongle canon; second, he sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean; third, he built four cultural relics and historic sites which are rated as "world cultural heritage" by modern people. (the Palace Museum, the temple of heaven, the Ming Tombs, Wudang Mountain Taoist complex in Hubei Province).
Of course, Zhu Di's life has also been seen by today's less glorious deeds. For example, the establishment of the East Chamber secret service, the "Jingnan campaign" to usurp the throne, and the "Renwu martyrdom" to kill the courtiers in Zhu Yunwen's period left a bad impression of being violent and murderous.
Zhu Di is a "son of the horse". Because of martial arts, he gained fame; because of martial arts, he won the throne; because of martial arts, he expanded his territory. But death, also died in the March. Zhu Di died in yumuchuan, now in Duolun, Inner Mongolia, during his fifth personal expedition to Mobei. He was 65 years old and buried in Changling.
Zhu Di is another brilliant emperor after the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of Ming Dynasty.
Changling, the mausoleum of Zhu Di, is located on the south side of the main peak of Tianshou mountain. It is the largest, longest built and most well preserved Mausoleum of the Ming Tombs. The layout features "front and back circle". "Front" refers to a group of three entrance courtyards, and "back circle" refers to Baoding, the tomb of Zhu Di.
In front of this three entrance courtyard, the first entrance to the courtyard is the mausoleum gate, with a single eaves resting on the top of the mountain. It is five rooms wide and three doors open in the middle. It is built on the platform. The first thing you can see in the courtyard is a stele Pavilion. Other buildings were destroyed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.
The second gate to enter the courtyard is Juen gate. When you enter Juen gate, you will see Juen hall.
The li'en Hall of Changling is covered with yellow glazed tiles, double eaves, veranda roof, 95 Bay, supported by 60 Phoebe pillars and covered with "gold bricks", covering an area of 1938 square meters. Such a large hall, but also are the pillars of Phoebe, is rare in the domestic ancient architecture. Phoebe itself is very precious. The 32 gold pillars in the li'en Hall of Changling are up to 12.58 meters in height and about 1 meter in diameter. The four in the middle are the thickest, with a diameter of 1.124 meters. They can't close each other. Moreover, the Ming Dynasty did not leave the standard for the official construction of ancient buildings. The JUEN Hall of Changling mausoleum has become a rare object to study the official buildings in the early Ming Dynasty, but it is the only well preserved Juen hall in the Ming Tombs, which is very worthy of tourists to visit.
After Li en hall, through the inner red gate, we came to the third courtyard. First of all, you can see the Lingxing gate, and then you can see the stone confession case, on which there are stone five confessions. They are: incense burner in the middle, candlesticks on both sides, and incense bottles on both sides. To the north of shiwugong is minglou.
Minglou is part of Houyuan, which refers to Zhu Di's mausoleum. It is composed of minglou, Fangcheng, Baocheng and Baoding (Baoshan). If you see such a Ming tower in the Ming Tombs, it means that an emperor of the Ming Dynasty is buried behind it.
The Ming tower is built on the square city, with double eaves resting on the top of the mountain. Inside the Ming tower is the "Shenghao stele". The first part of the stele is engraved with "Daming" in seal characters, and the body of the stele is engraved with "the mausoleum of emperor chengzuwen". The pedestal under the body of the tablet is divided into four layers. The first layer is erlongxizhu, followed by Baiyun, mountains and sea water. "Shenghao stele" is equivalent to the tombstone in front of the mausoleum, indicating that Zhu Di was buried inside.
Behind minglou is Baocheng Baoding. Baoding, also known as Baoshan, is built by hand rammed earth. Baoshan is surrounded by a ring of city walls, 7.3 meters high, with crenels on it, and the circumference is 1 km. It is called Baocheng. Below the mountain is the underground palace. But the underground palace of Changling was not opened. The only underground palace opened in the Ming Tombs was Dingling, the tomb of Zhu Yijun.
It turns out that in the early Ming Dynasty, there was a system of sacrificial burial after the death of the emperor, which was called the system of sacrificial burial. Originated in the primitive society, slaves were buried with a large number of slaves and livestock. After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, this brutal system of human sacrifice was carried out. When Zhu Yuanzhang died, 38 people were buried; Zhu Di buried 16 people; Zhu gaochi buried 5 people; Zhu Zhanji buried 10 people. The palace maids or concubines who were buried with the emperor were granted the title of "Chaotian female household" by the emperor. It was not until Zhuqi Town, Yingzong of Ming Dynasty, that the system of martyrdom was abolished.
Yingzong Zhuqi town is fatuous and incompetent. After being a prisoner and losing the throne, he was released by the enemy and returned to Beijing. With the help of eunuchs, he used stratagem to become emperor again. There are two years, one is orthodox and the other is Tianshun. He was definitely not a good emperor in the history of Ming Dynasty, but he abolished the system of human sacrifice, which was a good thing in his lifetime.
However, it is not known where the maids were buried in the Ming Tombs, and it still needs to be researched by later generations.
OK, I'll introduce you to the Ming Tombs.
北京十三陵英语导游词5
Dear friends, now I would like to introduce the Dingling mausoleum. Dingling mausoleum is the only mausoleum with underground palace opened among the Ming Tombs. It is the joint burial Mausoleum of the 13th emperor of Ming Dynasty Zhu Yijun and his two emperors Xiaoduan and Xiaojing. It is located in front of Dayu mountain of Tianshou mountain and was built in 1590 ad.
Zhu Yijun's year name is Wanli, which means to be emperor for 10000 years. Although it didn't come true, it also set a record for the Ming emperor, that is, the emperor with the longest reign. Emperor Wanli succeeded to the throne at the age of 10 and began to build his own mausoleum and underground palace at the age of 22. The whole project lasted six years and consumed more than 8 million taels of silver. During his 48 years in office, he almost ignored the government, and was buried in the harem all day long. He was fond of drinking and often killed people drunk. After his death, he was buried in Dingling.
Emperor Wanli had two empresses, empress Xiaoduan and empress Xiaojing. Empress Xiaojing was only a concubine when she died. According to the regulations of the Ming Dynasty, empress Xiaojing could not enter the underground palace after her death, so she was buried in other places. After the crown prince succeeded to the throne, he was granted the title of Empress Dowager Xiaojing. After the death of empress Xiaoduan and Emperor Wanli, empress Xiaojing was moved to the underground palace. So there is a emperor and two empresses buried in the underground palace. The underground palace of Dingling was opened in 1957, and more than 3000 cultural relics were unearthed, which caused a sensation all over the world.
At present, Dingling has become a national key scenic spot, a 4A scenic spot, and tourists from all over the world come to visit it every day.
The whole cemetery was originally composed of lingmen, Lingen men, Lingen hall, minglou, Baocheng, Baoding and the left and right side halls in front of minglou. After nearly 500 years of life, the original Lingen gate and Lingen hall have been destroyed, only the base is left. Because the Ming tower of Dingling is made of stone and is not afraid of fire, it is still well preserved. Now let's take a look at the site of Lingen gate and Lingen hall.
Ladies and gentlemen, we are now standing at the site of Lingen Hall of Dingling. Now we can see the column foundation of the hall. Lingen hall is a main hall for sacrifice. Originally, there were tablets for emperors and queens in the hall. The Lingen gate and the Lingen Hall of the Dingling mausoleum were burned when the Qing soldiers entered the pass. Later, Emperor Qianlong renovated the Ming Tombs in order to attract the Han people, but mostly reduced the scale.
It is said that Qianlong used the method of stealing beams and replacing pillars to transport the original coarse timber of the Ming Tombs to the western and Eastern tombs of the Qing Dynasty, and rebuilt the Ming Tombs with small timber. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the regulation. Up to now, there is still a popular saying that "Qianlong, unjust, demolished the great tombs and changed the small Ming Tombs".
The first exhibition room mainly displays the relics unearthed from the emperor's coffin, including posthumous treasures, posthumous volumes, golden crowns, jade belts, gold and silver vessels, silk fabrics, etc. The second exhibition room mainly displays the cultural relics unearthed from the coffins of the two queens, including Phoenix crowns, headdresses, gemstones and other daily necessities used in life. Now you can visit it free of charge. Please don't take photos or video in the exhibition room. Thank you for your cooperation. We will gather in front of minglou in ten minutes.