初二英语上册知识点复习(3)
初二英语上册知识点复习
but for将在虚拟语气中详讲。
例：in general一般说来
in short简言之
in other words换言之
in my opinion依我看
in simple words简言之
on the whole基本上
for instance例如
for short简称
after all毕竟
above all首先
此外考试中常出现的成语前置词也须牢记其用法。
by appearance从外表
by the aid of借…的帮助
by far…得多
by course of…照…常例
by reason of由于
by request应邀
by right of由于凭借
out of date过时
out of harmonywith与…不一致
out of harmonywith摆脱困境
out of bounds超出权限
out of proportionto与…不相称
out of reach力量不及
out of one's wits不知所措
out of question没问题
out of thequestion不可能的
to agreat extent很大程度上
to one's taste合…胃口
to one's thinking据…看来
to one's heart'scontent尽情地
to the utmost尽力
behind schedule不准时
behind the times过时的
behind the curtain在幕后
within reach能力所及
within ahair'sbreadth差-点
within astone'sthrow of在附近
beyond description无法形容
beyond reason毫无道理
beyond reproach无可指责
beyond one'sexpectation超出…范围
beyond expression无法表达
ing型由于、鉴，除了，除外与包含。
之后，关于，在…方面，有关介词须记全。
最后，英语中v.-ing分词转化而成的特殊介词，更须注意，根据其语法功能，把它们同现在分词，动名词和连同区分开来。即：
respecting由于,鉴于;considering由于,鉴于;excepting除了;concerning关于;excepting for除外;excluding除外;without excepting sb.包含;including包括，包含;following在…之后;regarding关于;respecting在…方面;concerning有关;
例：considering由于;
Considering thattable salt is the commonest source of sodium in food,the diet usually calls foreating salt-free foods.由于食盐是钠在食物中普遍的来源，医生给病人规定的，饮食通常要求吃无盐食品。
respecting鉴于：
Respecting theheavy rain,we had to put off the match.
鉴于下大雨，我们不得不推迟了这场比赛。
excepting除了：
excepting可单独使用，可以与always或否定词not连用，也可以与for,without之类介词连用。
Excepting one ofhis close friends,they were present at the party.
除了他的一个挚友外，他们都来赴宴了。
He is an honestman,excepting for his quick temper.
他是个老实人，只是("除了"脾气暴躁。(同类比较except，加for异类记心间)。
Everybody is inhigh spirits,always excepting him.大家都情绪高昂，唯他"除外"(例外)。
Only afewsurvivors without excepting him were living in the settlement.
包括他在内，只有几个幸存者住在新拓居地。
including包含：
The new apartmentconsists of three rooms including the kitchen.
这套公寓有三间，包括厨房。
following在…之后：相当于after The week following his first visit to thenewsroom he was appointed editor of the important column.在拜访该报社编辑部的"第二个"星期，他放任命为该报重要专栏的主笔。
regarding关于：相当于about Regarding research investment and number ofresearchers engaged in this field of research,the an overwhelming positionfollowed by Japan."关于"投入该领域研究的投资额和研究人员的数量，美国占压倒优势，其次是日本。
respecting在…方面：
Respectingeducation,health,medical care as well as production and labor technologicaldevelopment will have to be evaluated with due thought given to social systemsand humanism."在"教育、卫生、生产劳动"方面",评价技术的发展需根据社会制度和人道主义。
concerning有关：
The following aresome of the arguments both pros and cons concerning computers,thinking,andartificial intelligence.下面是"有关"计算机、思维和人工智能方面持赞成和反对态度的一些论据。
当然，这些ing型的介词，在句子中也有分词、动名词和连词的语法功能。excluding和including，表示排除与包含。
Last year Britishsales to the region were more than billion,while French exports,excludingarms brought in around billion.去年，英国对这个地区的销售额达80多亿美元，而法国的出口额(武器除外)约为30亿美元。
Stress may depletevitamin Cin your body,as can smoking,drinking and avariety of drugs,notexcepting aspirin.生活紧张会耗尽你体内的维生素C，正如吸烟、饮酒、服用某些药物(包括阿斯匹林)一样。