临床医学英语(4)
临床医学英语
Passage 5In 1960 the proportion of people in Europe aged 60 or over was 14%; by 1980 it had risen to 17%, and by 2025 it is expected to be 25%. Meanwhile, fewer and fewer family members are available to care for the elderly. The best solution to this problem would be to create conditions allowing the elderly to remain healthy so that they could look after themselves.
At Present, the highest proportions of elderly people in Europe are in Germany and Greece; 25 years later, this distinction will be shared by Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The fastest projected rate of population growth for elderly people, however, will be Russia where the number of those aged 60 or over will have risen from 35 million in 1980 to 72 million in 2025.
Problems brought by success ：These developments, which reflect a general increase in life expectancy since the Second World War, produce new challenges that we must address if crucial problems are to be avoided.
The number of people aged 80 or more is rising particularly rapidly. These People consume a greater proportion of health care and social services than any other age group. Because women live longer than men on average, the socioeconomic and health problems of elderly people are largely borne by women. As more women enter the job market, there are fewer of them available to care for elderly people than formerly. This factor, together with increased migration by young people, is weakening family and community support and protection for the elderly.
Why is the life expectancy of men less than that of women? Why do some people lose their ability to function while others remain active and productive? What changes should be made in life-styles and behaviors to maintain our vital potential and autonomy? Most such queries are still unanswered, but it is now wide1y accepted that progress can be made only through the search for healthy aging, which was first discussed in 1990 by WHO's Regional Committee for Europe.
Old age is not a disease and cannot be prevented! The occurrence of chronic, degenerative diseases in old people can, however, be diminished, though not by means of curative medicine alone: middle-aged people should be the main target for health promotion, with a view to preventing disability in old age. It should also be noted that there are differences between European countries in life expectancy and morbidity and disability rates.
It is to be expected that the health and functional ability of people aged under 75 will improve and that they will look for better opportunities to remain active in society. At the same time, governments are likely to be seeking a balance between early retirement (to ease the job market) and late retirement (to reduce the cost of pensions). Meanwhile, a large increase in the proportion of people aged 85 or over can be expected to create a growing demand for personal care and help with the tasks of daily life.
Who will 1ook after the very old? In most European countries it seems probable that community-based care, and home care in particular, will provide the best solution to the problem of looking after the elderly. But as relatives and neighbors are likely to become decreasingly available as carers, it is important to consider who might replace them. Of course, institutional care will remain necessary for some people, among them those who are severely disabled or live alone.
A balance has to be struck between the provision of community services for home care and the provision of institutional care. Rehabilitative facilities will have to be increasingly relied on to develop and maintain the functional ability of elderly people so that they can live as independently as possible. Changes in attitudes will have to be encouraged among health and allied professionals and the general public. Human and financial resources should be redistributed and people should become more closely involved in the development of medical ethics and play an active part in the choice of care and the protection of their own health.
61. According to the author, the key to solving the problem of taking care of the elderly is______.
A) to provide good conditions so as to help them remain healthy and look after themselves
B) to set up more hospitals and recovery centers
C) to forbid their children going abroad
D) to create more opportunities for them to work and exercise
62. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a problem of aging?
A) Increased migration by young people.
B) More women's entry into the job market.
C) Growing demands for personal care and help.
D) Increasing chronic and degenerative diseases in old people.
63. For the purpose of preventing disability in old age, on what should emphasis be laid for health promotion?
A) Curative medicine B) Community support
C) Elderly people D) The middle-aged people
64. According to the passage, what factor is mainly responsible for the rapid growing of the number of old people aged 80 or more in many countries?
A) The longer lives of women.
B) The impact of the Second World War.
C) The contribution of WHO.
D) Medical professionals.
65. In discussing "who wi11 1ook after the very old?", ______.
A) the author questions whether to care for the elderly is worthwhile
B) the author stresses that relatives and neighbors should take on the task to look after the elderly
C) the author points out that the elderly like living alone and not being disturbed
D) the author makes several suggestions as to how to take care of the very old people .
Part III Translation ( 20 points)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
1. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus of the lentivirus family that was unknown until the early 1980’s, but since that time has been spread around the world to infect millions of persons. The result of HIV infection is relentless destruction of the immune system. All HIV infected persons are at risk for illness and death from opportunistic infectious and neoplastic complications as a result of the inevitable manifestations of AIDS. Retroviruses are unable to replicate outside of living host cells because they contain only RNA and do not contain DNA. The variant of HIV that is the cause for almost all infections is known as HIV-1.
2. At least 225,000 people in the U.S will die suddenly this year from coronary heart disease before they reach a hospital. In addition, an estimated 370,000 to 750,000 patients will have a cardiac arrest and undergo attempted resuscitation during hospitalization. The causes of cardiac arrest are numerous; by far the most common in adults is ischemic cardiovascular disease. The arrest is usually associated with the lethal arrhythmia of ventricular fibrillation triggered by an acutely ischemic or infracted myocardium or by a primary electrical disturbance. The precipitants of a life-threatening arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation are poorly understood.
Answer Sheet
Part III Translation ( 20 points)
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参考答案：
Key
Part I Vocabulary ( 30% )
Section A
1-5 ABABC 6-10 DDBDC 11-15 BDCAC 16-20 BCADB
Section B
21-25 DCACB 26-30 CBBAC 31-35 BCBDC 36-40 BACCC
Part II Reading Comprehension ( 50% )
Passage 1 41----45 BCACD
Passage 2 46----50 BDCCB
Passage 3 51----55 BCBAC
Passage 4 56----60 DCDDD
Passage 5 61----65 ADDAD
Part III Translation ( 20% )
1. 艾滋病是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的。HIV是一种逆转录酶病毒，慢病毒属，直到20世纪80年代早期才被发现。但此后，该病毒在世界上广为传播，数以百万计的人感染了这种病毒。感染上这种病毒的结果就是对免疫系统的无情摧毁。所有HIV感染者由于艾滋病必然的临床表现而出现炎症并发症和肿瘤并发症面临疾病和死亡的危险。逆转录酶病毒在宿主细胞外不能复制，因为它们只含有核糖核酸，而没有脱氧核糖核酸。这种称为HIV-1变种的HIV病毒几乎是所有感染的原因。
2. 美国今年至少会有225,000人在送达医院前死于突发性冠状动脉心脏病。此外，据估计，还有370,000 - 750,000患者会因发生心跳骤停，而在医院里接受尝试性复苏术。心跳骤停的原因很多，目前为止在成人中最常见的原因是缺血性心血管疾病。心跳停止通常与致命的心室纤颤性心律失常相关，而心室纤颤是由急性心肌缺血或心肌梗塞或原发性心肌电活动紊乱引发的。心律不齐可能危及生命，而突发的原因(如心室纤颤)尚不明了。