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linux的sudo命令

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linux的sudo命令

  Linux系统下sudo命令以系统管理者的身份执行指令。下面由学习啦小编为大家整理了linux的sudo命令的相关知识,希望大家喜欢!

  linux的sudo命令详解

  Linux sudo命令以系统管理者的身份执行指令,也就是说,经由 sudo 所执行的指令就好像是 root 亲自执行。

  使用权限:在 /etc/sudoers 中有出现的使用者。

  1.语法

  sudo -V

  sudo -h

  sudo -l

  sudo -v

  sudo -k

  sudo -s

  sudo -H

  sudo [ -b ] [ -p prompt ] [ -u username/#uid] -s

  sudo command

  2.参数说明

  -V 显示版本编号

  -h 会显示版本编号及指令的使用方式说明

  -l 显示出自己(执行 sudo 的使用者)的权限

  -v 因为 sudo 在第一次执行时或是在 N 分钟内没有执行(N 预设为五)会问密码,这个参数是重新做一次确认,如果超过 N 分钟,也会问密码

  -k 将会强迫使用者在下一次执行 sudo 时问密码(不论有没有超过 N 分钟)

  -b 将要执行的指令放在背景执行

  -p prompt 可以更改问密码的提示语,其中 %u 会代换为使用者的帐号名称, %h 会显示主机名称

  -u username/#uid 不加此参数,代表要以 root 的身份执行指令,而加了此参数,可以以 username 的身份执行指令(#uid 为该 username 的使用者号码)

  -s 执行环境变数中的 SHELL 所指定的 shell ,或是 /etc/passwd 里所指定的 shell

  -H 将环境变数中的 HOME (家目录)指定为要变更身份的使用者家目录(如不加 -u 参数就是系统管理者 root )

  command 要以系统管理者身份(或以 -u 更改为其他人)执行的指令

  linux的sudo命令实例

  sudo命令使用

  $ sudo ls

  [sudo] password for hnlinux:

  hnlinux is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.

  指定用户执行命令

  # sudo -u userb ls -l

  显示sudo设置

  $ sudo -L //显示sudo设置

  Available options in a sudoers ``Defaults'' line:

  syslog: Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging

  syslog_goodpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully

  syslog_badpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully

  long_otp_prompt: Put OTP prompt on its own line

  ignore_dot: Ignore '.' in $PATH

  mail_always: Always send mail when sudo is run

  mail_badpass: Send mail if user authentication fails

  mail_no_user: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers

  mail_no_host: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers for this host

  mail_no_perms: Send mail if the user is not allowed to run a command

  tty_tickets: Use a separate timestamp for each user/tty combo

  lecture: Lecture user the first time they run sudo

  lecture_file: File containing the sudo lecture

  authenticate: Require users to authenticate by default

  root_sudo: Root may run sudo

  log_host: Log the hostname in the (non-syslog) log file

  log_year: Log the year in the (non-syslog) log file

  shell_noargs: If sudo is invoked with no arguments, start a shell

  set_home: Set $HOME to the target user when starting a shell with -s

  always_set_home: Always set $HOME to the target user's home directory

  path_info: Allow some information gathering to give useful error messages

  fqdn: Require fully-qualified hostnames in the sudoers file

  insults: Insult the user when they enter an incorrect password

  requiretty: Only allow the user to run sudo if they have a tty

  env_editor: Visudo will honor the EDITOR environment variable

  rootpw: Prompt for root's password, not the users's

  runaspw: Prompt for the runas_default user's password, not the users's

  targetpw: Prompt for the target user's password, not the users's

  use_loginclass: Apply defaults in the target user's login class if there is one

  set_logname: Set the LOGNAME and USER environment variables

  stay_setuid: Only set the effective uid to the target user, not the real uid

  preserve_groups: Don't initialize the group vector to that of the target user

  loglinelen: Length at which to wrap log file lines (0 for no wrap)

  timestamp_timeout: Authentication timestamp timeout

  passwd_timeout: Password prompt timeout

  passwd_tries: Number of tries to enter a password

  umask: Umask to use or 0777 to use user's

  logfile: Path to log file

  mailerpath: Path to mail program

  mailerflags: Flags for mail program

  mailto: Address to send mail to

  mailfrom: Address to send mail from

  mailsub: Subject line for mail messages

  badpass_message: Incorrect password message

  timestampdir: Path to authentication timestamp dir

  timestampowner: Owner of the authentication timestamp dir

  exempt_group: Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH requirements

  passprompt: Default password prompt

  passprompt_override: If set, passprompt will override system prompt in all cases.

  runas_default: Default user to run commands as

  secure_path: Value to override user's $PATH with

  editor: Path to the editor for use by visudo

  listpw: When to require a password for 'list' pseudocommand

  verifypw: When to require a password for 'verify' pseudocommand

  noexec: Preload the dummy exec functions contained in 'noexec_file'

  noexec_file: File containing dummy exec functions

  ignore_local_sudoers: If LDAP directory is up, do we ignore local sudoers file

  closefrom: File descriptors >= %d will be closed before executing a command

  closefrom_override: If set, users may override the value of `closefrom' with the -C option

  setenv: Allow users to set arbitrary environment variables

  env_reset: Reset the environment to a default set of variables

  env_check: Environment variables to check for sanity

  env_delete: Environment variables to remove

  env_keep: Environment variables to preserve

  role: SELinux role to use in the new security context

  type: SELinux type to use in the new security context

  askpass: Path to the askpass helper program

  env_file: Path to the sudo-specific environment file

  sudoers_locale: Locale to use while parsing sudoers

  visiblepw: Allow sudo to prompt for a password even if it would be visisble

  pwfeedback: Provide visual feedback at the password prompt when there is user input

  fast_glob: Use faster globbing that is less accurate but does not access the filesystem

  umask_override: The umask specified in sudoers will override the user's, even if it is more permissive

  以root权限执行上一条命令

  $ sudo !!

  以特定用户身份进行编辑文本

  $ sudo -u uggc vi ~www/index.html

  //以 uggc 用户身份编辑 home 目录下www目录中的 index.html 文件

  列出目前的权限

  sudo -l

  列出 sudo 的版本资讯

  sudo -V

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