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词类和句子成分语法知识

时间: 慧良1230 分享

词类和句子成分语法知识

  任何一门语言都是由词构成句,句构成段,段构成篇。小编在这里整理了相关知识,希望能帮助到大家。

  词类和句子成分语法知识

  关于词类和句子成分

  根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类,叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成,这些部分叫做句子成分。

  学一个词,要学它的发音、拼法、意义,也要记它的词类;更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系,及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词,在句子中作主语。

  词类(parts of speech)

  英语的词通常分为十大类:

  1)名词(noun,缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔),English(英语),life(生活)。

  2)代词(pronoun,缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词,如we(我们),his(他的),all(全部)。

  3)形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词,如great(伟大的),honest(诚实的),difficult(困难的)。

  4)数词(numeral,缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词,如four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。

  5)动词(verb,缩写为v)表示动作和状态,如write(写),walk(行走),think(想)。

  6)副词(adverb,缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词,如quickly(快),often(经常),very(很)。

  7)冠词(article,缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词,如a,an(一个),the(这,那)。

  8)介词(preposition,缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系,如from(从),in(在…内),between(在…之间)。

  9)连词(conjunction,缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词,如and(和),because(因为),if(假如)。

  10)感叹词(interjection,缩写为int.)表示感情,如。oh(噢),aha(啊哈),hush(嘘)。

  [注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义,叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类(冠、介、连、感等词)的词没有实义,叫做虚词(form word)

  主系表结构

  不要把这种结构看得很神秘,I am handsome.( 我很俊 ) 就是一个主系表结构,形容词 handsome 来表明主语--I 的样子。如果为了比较两个人或物的不同,我们就会用到比较级。如:

  I am more handsome than he ( is ). 我比他英俊得多。

  English is easier Chinese to learn. 英语比汉语好学。

  Modern trains are faster than cars. 现代火车比汽车快。

  Coffee tastes better than tea. 咖啡比茶好喝。

  You look better today than yesterday. 你今天比昨天好多了。

  在比较的对象很明白的时候,我们可以不要 than 和后面的对象:I am more handsome.(我更英俊。)

  Coffee tastes better than tea. 咖啡比茶好喝。

  主谓结构

  主谓结构中比较级的使用,是为解释副词比较级的用法。用于比较动作发生的强度、频度等的不同。

  I work harder than he does. 我比他学习用功。

  He does his homework more carefully than Sam. 他做作业比Sam细心。

  Lily jumped higher than anyone else. Lily 跳得比任何人都高。

  Mr. Sawyer arrived home later than his children. 索耶先生比他的孩子们到家晚。

  比较级用 and 连接,表达“越来越......”【重点】

  It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热。

  I learn English harder and harder. 我越来越努力学英语。

  “the 比较级......,the 比较级......”用于表达“越......,就越......”【重点】

  The more we get together, the happier will be. 我们越在一起,就越开心。

  The more noble,the more humble. 越高尚,越谦虚。

  The harder the more fortunate. 越努力,越幸运。

  各种成分的详细解析

  主语

  主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。

  如:

  讲述“谁” We work in a big factory.

  讲述“什么” The classroom is very big.

  数词作主语 Three are enough.

  从句作主语 What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物.

  ▲ 在“There be …”句型中,主语的位置在中间。如:

  There are some bottles of milk in the box.

  ▲ 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用it作形式主语。如:

  It is very interesting toplay the game called “treat or trick”.

  It took two workers aboutthree months to build the house.

  谓语

  谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。

  如:He is very generous.

  She looks very smart and cool

  We have finished the job.

  He can speak German.

  表语

  表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面。

  形容词作表语

  You look youngerthan before. 名词作表语

  Myfather is a teacher. 副词作表语

  Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语

  They are at the theatre.不定式作表语

  My job is to teach them English. 动名词作表语

  Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语

  宾语

  ▲宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面。有时,会有双宾语。

  如:

  名词作宾语 He never forgives others for their mistakes.

  代词做宾语 He often helps me.

  不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in theopen air.

  动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed livingin China.

  从句做宾语 I believe that they can finish the work intime.

  ▲直接宾语和间接宾语

  及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如:

  We brought themsome food.

  主 谓 间宾 直宾

  间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加to 或 for。

  宾补

  在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.

  如:

  名词作宾补If you let me go, I’ll make you king.

  形容词作宾补 Don’t make your hands dirty.

  副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived.

  介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.

  省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.

  带to的不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog to lie down.

  现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.

  过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken.

  在英语中,常见的“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构有:

  ▲“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。

  We call himJack.

  They made Li Lei their monitor.

  ▲“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。

  如:Do you think his idea wrong?

  We must keep our classroom clean.

  We can’t leave him alone.

  ▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。

  如:Let him in/ out.

  Mr. Li droveus home.

  When got there, we found him out.

  ▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有主表的关系。

  如:We found everything in good order.

  We regard him as our good friend.

  He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.

  ▲“宾语+不定式”

  充当宾补的不定式有三种:

  A 要求带to的不定式

  B要求不带to的不定式let, make, see, hear, watch等

  C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to

  ▲“宾语+现在分词”

  现在分词作宾补,此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语,有着主谓关系。

  I saw them playing on the playground.

  I heard Mary singingin the classroom.

  ▲“宾语+过去分词”。

  宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成。

  I had my bikestolen.

  The teacherexplained again and again to make himself understood.

  ▲ 形式宾语+形容词

  We found itimpossible to get there before Saturday.

  ▲宾语+what从句

  Call me what you like. Mr. Li has made the factory what it istoday.

  The mountain village is different from what it wasten years ago.

  定语

  ▲定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。

  如:

  形容词作定语 The black bike is mine.

  代词作定语 What’s your name?

  名词作定语 They madesome paper flowers.

  介词短语作定语 The boys inthe room are in Class Three, Grade One.

  从句作定语 The tall boy whois standing there is Peter.

  ▲修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody,anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。

  如:We’ll go to have something English.

  If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else.

  Do you have anything important totell me?

  ▲介词短语作定语时要后置。

  如:Do you know the boy behind thetree?

  The students in the room are all my friends.

  I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.

  ▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置

  What about something to drink?

  I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.

  ▲near by,below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。

  如:

  We are at the topof the hill. Can you see the village below?

  The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?

  状语

  状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末,但有时也可以放在句首、句中。

  如:

  He did it carefully(程度状语)

  They missed me very much.(程度状语)

  Without his help, we couldn’t work itout.(条件状语)

  In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.(目的状语)

  When I was young, I could swim well.(时间状语)

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