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托福阅读经典加试Title:SumerianCivilization试题及答案

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托福阅读加试分为经典加试和非经典加试,一般情况下考生遇到的情况都是经典加试,即所加试的题目都是固定的几篇。这里小编为就为大家整理了托福阅读经典加试 1 Title: Sumerian Civilization 试题及答案 享给大家,希望对大家托福备考有帮助。

托福阅读经典加试 Title: Sumerian Civilization 试题及答案

阅读经典加试 1 Title: Sumerian Civilization

概述:

第一段:美文化和埃及文化同时,但因为美的地域限制一直没有统一。(有题)平原,经常受到入侵,四周沙漠,生活好,不统一。开头,it is astonishing that...两个地方在同一时间产生了两种文化,并且互有交流。一个是尼罗河的埃及文化,一个是两河流域的M地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼罗河,河水孕育了富饶的土地,两岸有沙漠作为自然屏障。M地不一样,河水土地narrow and shallow,周围没有起保护作用的天然屏障

第二段:直到一种S人来统一,说了他们的来源和历史,他们建立了一种s文化

第三段:S文化的实物遗迹少,这又两方面原因:一当地石料不丰富二当地人没有厚葬的习惯。所以对S的了解主要基于文字。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活好像挺好的,所以一直没有人提出统一的想法,很久以后才有,可是由于大量的花费在战争上什么的,很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件,那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子,所以和埃及不一样,现在我们没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。 我们现在还挖出了许多陶器石板,上面刻着文字,只能通过这些推知历史。后来又变成什么苏美尔了,这是从外面迁徙过来的民族。

第四段:在S文化中最重要的是宗教,每一个城市有一个local god, god无比神圣拥有一切,代表本城在她的fellow中议事。(有题)社会的经济市场就是以寺庙为中心,由牧师组织交易,所以很多的牧师纪录都与此有关。

Mesopotamia culture一种civilization(文明社会)还和埃及比较了一下。关于两河civilization和Egypt civilization(埃及社会)的。他们同时存在,有交流,但没有一方压倒另一方。Egypt的体制根两河的政治体制不一样,一个united under 一个联合体制下,另外一个则由于地理条件的制约不存在united format联合体制。另外两河的文明很少有tangible substance (确实的物质)留下来,因为他们的architecture structure(建筑结构)与Egypt不一样,对他们文字的研究也是通过发掘fragment(碎片)的方法研究的。还讲了两河的local lord(封建地主),这人不是fiction的,他对他那个city state具有很大的influence,文中讲到的是economic aspect(经济方面)同时,他传话通过一个叫做人君的人传话。讲Mesopotamia的culture,和Egypt的文化对比。因为两者是两河流域的同时发展起来的文化(考:Mesopotamia文化是独立于independence Egypt的文化)然后讲述Mesopotamia culture的特点:建筑物没有Egypt的牢固,文化没有文字记载等。

答案(下方黑体标出)

1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.

(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.

(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egyptwas being united.

(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.

3.The phrase its substance refers to

(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia 古代美索不达米亚政治的历史

(B) divine kingship

(C) Egypt

(D) the sudden collapse of military power

4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) unclear (B) unique (C) controversial (D) important

5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to

(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society. 为相对少的关于古代苏美尔社会物理遗迹提供一个解释

(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.

(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.

(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.

6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in

(A) Egypt (B) Persia (C) northern Mesopotamia

(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates 底格里斯河和幼发拉底河的交汇处

7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) random (B) very large (C) surprising (D) relatively small

8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.

(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.

(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.

(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures

9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 尽管这些成就,学者们对于苏美尔人的生活知道的更少,比起他们爱好什么而言

Where would the sentence best fit? 选第四方块

10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 对于神的所有权并不仅仅“是虔诚的虚构”这一论点支持的证据是

(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.

(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.

(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.

(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society. 神的所有权服务于苏美尔社会的经济组织形式的基础

11.The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) substantial (B) fixed (C) valuable (D) limited.

12.In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪项不是关于当地的神的事实

(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.

(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.

(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.

(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states 当地的神有时候同竞争的城邦的神作战

13. fill in a table

Ancient Egyptian Civilization

(1)政治统一了很久时间 (2)有相当多建筑物遗址

Sumerian Civilization

(1)城邦city-state国家是一个特色(2)从文件中所记载(3)这一个文明受到外部侵略

托福阅读中的四种句子关系

很多考生在准备托福考试的时候,总会发现部分托福考试中的句子远远超出了自己的能力范围。对于这些长难句,当然要从语法的角度去完全把握。但是如果是在考试中遇到不能理解的句子时,考生就偏向于一遍一遍的去读句子,没读懂不说,还浪费了时间,影响了下面的答题。

其实长难句在考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题。对于这样的题目,我们在不能读懂句子的情况下,能够把握的就是句子的内在关系,即逻辑。逻辑在解释句子题中的运用尤为重要,以前有学生反映,在考试中其实句子根本就不能读懂,而利用逻辑就能迅速排除选项,从而找到正确的答案。所以说,逻辑是我们托福阅读中的隐形解题帮手,考生们一定要尤为关注。

下面是托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系,把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。

1. 因果关系

因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with

果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly

因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。

隐性因果:

A 导致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。

在这段话中,有lead to, 表示了导致的意思,即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。

B 由…而来(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to

如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。”

在这段话中,根据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那如果是解释句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。

C 反映,体现(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

This result demonstrates that…

D 考虑到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort。

E 依赖于: rely on, depend on, resort to,

He resorted to books when he had problems。

F 条件关系:when, once, as soon as, as long as

As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once。

G 分词短语,不定式做状语

Failing in the final exam, she cried。

2. 对比转折关系

A 对比:while, whereas, on the other hand

在解释句子题,插入句子题中,一旦出现对比关系,学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构,on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用来把握句间关系。

B 转折:but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

转折是托福阅读的一个经典考点之一,掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。

3. 比较关系

A 同级比较 as…as

B 比较级:more…than, -er than, less…than

C 变化:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差异:different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

E 超越:surpass, exceed, excel, over

F 最高级

1)本身有最高级含义:maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

2) 本身程度比较深:amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

3) 否定+比较=最高级

No one is more outstanding than him。

从这句话中可以看出,否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。

4. 否定关系

显性否定:no, not, never, nor, none neither

隐形否定:fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

否定前缀:a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-

否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点,把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词,依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。

双重否定;not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable

双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式,由于在平时中文对话中用的很少,随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。

托福阅读备考的三大关键

第一,词汇

从某种意义上来讲,词汇量的大小是TOEFL阅读理解高分的基础和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上),纵然你有"葵花宝典"在手,也只能命丧ETS的“毒招”之下。所以,以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一味巨毒无比的“五毒散”。

第二,通过练习使学生养成高效的阅读方法--即所谓的阅读技巧

TOEFL的阅读量非常大,一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完,所谓的“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”也只能适用于少数类型的文章,根本不能解决本质问题。那么,文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话,主动地阅读文章的关键部位。所谓主动是指不能象一般的阅读那样完全被动地接受信息,而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位,主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物,文章的逻辑结构非常完整和严谨,而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。经过系统的训练,考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度。这样,通过阅读文章的几处关键部位,就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系,也就解决了问题的70%。

第三,解题训练

排除法恐怕是一直以来大多数学生在解阅读理题目时使用最多的方法。事实上,这种方法具有致命的缺点:干扰大、费时间。更有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后,就在脑子反映出一个模糊的或者是不完整的答案,然后直接在选项中寻找接近的答案进行判断。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐养成和加强,决非什么技巧之类的东西可以替代。


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