托福阅读推理题解析

推理题在托福阅读中经常会出现，为了帮助大家备考，提高托福阅读分数，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读推理题解析，望喜欢!

托福阅读推理题解析

推理题的标志是在题干中出现infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 这样的词汇，它和细节题属于同源题目，都需要定位并且根据文中信息来选择答案。与细节题不同的是，推理题在找到原文中定位点之后考察的是学生对于文中信息的总结概括，或者反向推理的能力。

推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

推理题大概有三个解题思路：一般对比推理、时间对比推理、集合概念推理。一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。

在这里我们先来看一个例子：

Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a.They did not smoke when they were burned.

b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

c.They were not available to all.

d.They contained sulfuric acid.

正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 来提炼 tallow，提炼后的产品就是 stearin，stearin 比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。

解答这里题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

在此，我们在来看一道例题：

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

b.There were great numbers of them.

c. They lived in the sea only.

d.They did not leave many fossil remains.

首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters 不一样的是，whales 的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter 是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头sea otter 长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目虽然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。

提高托福阅读答对率有技巧

一、新托福阅读的新题型重点考察句子间的关系

在托福阅读中有那么一个段落，其中有4 个框框，他代表你在题干中的那句话可以拖入这个里面来，做题的方法是：第一步一定要优先阅读题干中要被拖入到原文的那句话。第二步找要被代入原文那句话当中的关键字和要点。因为我们知道，如果要把一句话代入到原文当中，这句话肯定和原文有很强的关联性。

然后我们找的是要被代入原文那句话中的关联词，这有很多，比方说一旦看到"因为"，前面讲的就可能是原因，因为这个结果后面有一个情况;再比如你看到THUS，通常表示结果，那么正确选项在第一个空和第二个空的可能性不是很大，在第三个空和第四个空的可能性比较大，因为它表示结果，基本都在比较靠后的位置;比如我们看到in contrast，跟前面正好是相反的，所以说这些关键词特别重要，从一定意义上来讲是我们做这种题型成败的关键。

我们要找逻辑关系，你要代入这句话的话，跟前面或者后面的话肯定有一种逻辑关系在里面，到底前后是转折还是递进还是表示结果还是什么样的关系，这是我们的情况。一般来说，多数中国同学做这个题还是比较容易的，我建议大家在备考的时候大量练习此类题目的做法。

二、多选题的关键在于题干

iBT的听力和阅读的多选题应该如何把握?这也确实是中国同学比较容易错的一个地方，新托福iBT中的多选题是这样的，即一部分题型，每道题当中都有几个选项是正确选项，也就是我们说的多选题。比如说，阅读题最后一道题一般都是多选题，多选题分两类，一类叫图表题，给你一个图表，让你6选3或者 8选4。第二类叫文章内容小节题，文章内容概述题，什么意思呢?先给你一句话，这句话就是这篇文章的中心思想，请问下面哪几个选项中反映了这篇文章的中心思想。

这样的话，这个题目是我们的第二个问法，这是阅读中我们最常见的两种多选题，这种题同学们不要有畏惧心理，因为这类题目分值也比较高，一般是2 分或3分。我们即使答错一个空，3分题还会拿到两分，不会给你扣掉所有的分。

第二，这个问题是基于你之前问题的答案的基础上，当你把之前其他的问题都答完了，你整个的这篇文章读的也很好了，再做这个题的话，基本上问题不大了。只要别错太多，这种题多少都会有分的。第三，这类题目的数量比较少。所以我们做这个题要特别的细心，做这个题的关键在于对这道题题干中的那句话的理解，因为这句话就是文章的概述，基本上下面的答案都是符合这句话的，或和这句话有关联点的，跟这句话扯得太远的一般就是错误选项，所以要求我们特别细心，越细心越好。

托福阅读真题1

In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar to that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an area's marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. People are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce. Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after 1978. They range in size from the very small (less than 1 square kilometer) Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management practices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, are offered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species.

Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and other countries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the United States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Caribbean Sea. Others range from the well-known Australian Great Barrier Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come to recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas. whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important role in preserving that diversity. ?

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Differences among marine parks, sanctuaries, and reserves

(B) Various marine conservation programs

(C) International agreements on coastal protection

(D) Similarities between land and sea protected environments

2. The word intent in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) repetition

(B) approval

(C) goal

(D) revision

3. The word administered in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) managed

(B) recognized

(C) opposed

(D) justified

4. The word these in line 11 refers to

(A) sites

(B) candidates

(C) decades

(D) sanctuaries

5. The passage mentions the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (lines 13-14) as an

example of a sanctuary that

(A) is not well know

(B) covers a large area

(C) is smaller than the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary

(D) was not originally proposed for sanctuary status

6. According to the passage , when was the National Marine Sanctuaries Program established?

(A) before 1972

(B) after 1987

(C) one hundred years before national parks were established

(D) one hundred years after Yellowstone National Park was established

7. According to the passage , all of the following are achievements of the National Marine

Sanctuaries Program EXCEPT

(A) the discovery of several new marine organisms

(B) the preservation of connections between individual marine species

(C) the protection of coastal habitats

(D) the establishment of areas where the public can observe marine life

8. The word periphery in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) depth

(B) landmass

(C) warm habitat

(D) outer edge

9. The passage mentions which of the following as a threat to marine areas outside the United

States?

(A) limitations in financial support

(B) the use of marine species as food

(C) variability of the climate

(D) increases in tourism

PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADD

托福阅读真题2

In the early 1800's, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent. People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, ran bakeries, or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family members or apprentices.

Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber — all readily available on the North American continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870's and the First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked important trade centers essential to industrial growth.

Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive.

The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at less expense.

1. What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy

(B) The inventions that transformed life in the nineteenth century

(C) The problems associated with the earliest factories

(D) The difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth century

2. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of artisans who

(A) maintained their businesses at home

(B) were eventually able to use sophisticated technology

(C) produced unusual goods and commodities

(D) would employ only family members

3. The phrase hinged on in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) recovered from

(B) depended on

(C) started on

(D) contributed to

4. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that

occurred in the United States before 1914?

(A) The availability of natural resources found only in the United States

(B) The decrease in number of farms resulting from technological advances

(C) The replacement of canals and railroads by other forms of transportation

(D) The availability of a large immigrant work force

5. The word lured in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) attracted

(B) assigned

(C) restricted

(D) attached

6. The word Others in line 20 refers to other

(A) adults

(B) promises

(C) goods and services

(D) social opportunities

7. The word expendable in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) nonproductive

(B) unacceptable

(C) nonessential

(D) unprofitable

8. It can be inferred from the passage that industrialization affected farming in that

industrialization

(A) increased the price of farm products

(B) limited the need for new farm machinery

(C) created new and interesting jobs on farms

(D) reduced the number of people willing to do farm work

9. What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming

capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive (lines 23-24)?

(A) Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines.

(B) Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers.

(C) The new inventions were not helpful for all farming activities.

(D) Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.

10. According to the passage , factory workers differed from craft workers in that factory workers

(A) were required to be more creative

(B) worked extensively with raw materials

(C) changed jobs frequently

(D) specialized in one aspect of the finished product only

PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD

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