剑桥雅思真题解析阅读9(test3)
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剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test3)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Attitudes to language
It is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education.
Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticised. No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked.
In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference to pronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a version of the ‘standard’ written language, especially as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most closely reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write ‘correctly’; deviations from it are said to be ‘incorrect’.
All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. The aims of these early grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to codify the principles of their languages, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) they wanted to point out what they felt to be common errors, in order to ‘improve’ the language. The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterized by its reliance on ‘rules’ of grammar. Some usages are ‘prescribed’, to be learnt and followed accurately; others are ‘proscribed’, to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them.
These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarized in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe — to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’. Linguistic issue, it is argued, cannot be solved by logic and legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the modern linguistic approach to grammatical analysis.
In our own time, the opposition between ‘descriptivists’ and ‘prescriptivists’ has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people who do not care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarians have been presented as blind adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been presented in quasi-political terms — of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism.
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1 There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language.
2 People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.
3 Our assessment of a person’s intelligence is affected by the way he or she uses language.
4 Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy in the 18th century.
5 Prescriptivism still exists today.
6 According to descriptivists it is pointless to try to stop language change.
7 Descriptivism only appeared after the 18th century.
8 Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.
Questions 9-12
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.
The language debate
According to 9______, there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this approach to language place great importance on grammatical 10 ______.
Conversely, the view of 11 ______, such as Joseph Priestly, is that grammar should be based on 12 ______.
A descriptivists B language experts C popular speech
D formal language E evaluation F rules
G modern linguists H prescriptivists I change
Question 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.
What is the writer’s purpose in Reading Passage 1?
A. to argue in favour of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar books
B. to present a historical account of differing views of language
C. to describe the differences between spoken and written language
D. to show how a certain view of language has been discredited
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Tidal Power
Undersea turbines which produce electricity from the tides are set to become an important source of renewable energy for Britain. It is still too early to predict the extent of the impact they may have, but all the signs are that they will play a significant role in the future
A. Operating on the same principle as wind turbines, the power in sea turbines comes from tidal currents which turn blades similar to ships’ propellers, but, unlike wind, the tides are predictable and the power input is constant. The technology raises the prospect of Britain becoming self-sufficient in renewable energy and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions. If tide, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants and export renewable power to other parts of Europe. Unlike wind power, which Britain originally developed and then abandoned for 20 years allowing the Dutch to make it a major industry, undersea turbines could become a big export earner to island nations such as Japan and New Zealand.
B. Tidal sites have already been identified that will produce one sixth or more of the UK’s power — and at prices competitive with modern gas turbines and undercutting those of the already ailing nuclear industry. One site alone, the Pentland Firth, between Orkney and mainland Scotland, could produce 10% of the country’s electricity with banks of turbines under the sea, and another at Alderney in the Channel Islands three times the 1,200 megawatts of Britain’s largest and newest nuclear plant, Sizewell B, in Suffolk. Other sites identified include the Bristol Channel and the west coast of Scotland, particularly the channel between Campbeltown and Northern Ireland.
C. Work on designs for the new turbine blades and sites are well advanced at the University of Southampton’s sustainable energy research group. The first station is expected to be installed off Lynmouth in Devon shortly to test the technology in a venture jointly funded by the department of Trade and Industry and the European Union. AbuBakr Bahaj, in charge of the Southampton research, said: ‘The prospects for energy from tidal currents are far better than from wind because the flows of water are predictable and constant. The technology for dealing with the hostile saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry and much is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship propellers. There are a few technical difficulties, but I believe in the next five to ten years we will be installing commercial marine turbine farms.’ Southampton has been awarded ￡215,000 over three years to develop the turbines and is working with Marine Current Turbines, a subsidiary of IT power, on the Lynmouth project. EU research has now identified 106 potential sites for tidal power, 80% round the coasts of Britain. The best sites are between islands or around heavily indented coasts where there are strong tidal currents.
D. A marine turbine blade needs to be only one third of the size of wind generator to produce three times as much power. The blades will be about 20 metres in diameter, so around 30 metres of water is required. Unlike wind power, there are unlikely to be environmental objections. Fish and other creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk from the relatively slow-turning blades. Each turbine will be mounted on a tower which will connect to the national power supply grid via underwater cables. The towers will stick out of the water and be lit, to warn shipping, and also be designed to be lifted out of the water for maintenance and to clean seaweed from the blades.
E. Dr Bahaj has done most work on the Alderney site, where there are powerful currents. The single undersea turbine farm would produce far more power than needed for the Channel Islands and most would be fed into the French Grid and be re-imported into Britain via the cable under the Channel.
F. One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low pressure behind a turning blade causes air bubbles. These can cause vibration and damage the blades of the turbines. Dr Bahaj said: ‘We have to test a number of blade types to avoid this happening or at least make sure it does not damage the turbines or reduce performance. Another slight concern is submerged debris floating into the blades. So far we do not know how much of a problem it might be. We will have to make the turbines robust because the sea is a hostile environment, but all the signs that we can do it are good.’
Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 the location of the first test site
15 a way of bringing the power produced on one site back into Britain
16 a reference to a previous attempt by Britain to find an alternative source of energy
17 mention of the possibility of applying technology from another industry
Questions 18-22
Choose FIVE letters, A-J.
Write the correct letters in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.
Which FIVE of the following claims about tidal power are made by the writer?
A It is a more reliable source of energy than wind power.
B It would replace all other forms of energy in Britain.
C Its introduction has come as a result of public pressure.
D It would cut down on air pollution.
E It could contribute to the closure of many existing power stations in Britain.
F It could be a means of increasing national income.
G It could face a lot of resistance from other fuel industries.
H It could be sold more cheaply than any other type of fuel.
I It could compensate for the shortage of inland sites for energy production.
J It is best produced in the vicinity of coastlines with particular features.
Questions 23-26
Label the diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
An Undersea Turbine
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Information theory-the big idea
Information theory lies at the heart of everything — from DVD players and the genetic code of DNA to the physics of the universe at its most fundamental. It has been central to the development of the science of communication, which enables data to be sent electronically and has therefore had a major impact on our lives
A. In April 2002 an event took place which demonstrated one of the many applications of information theory. The space probe, Voyager I, launched in 1997, had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar System on a one-way mission to the stars. After 25 years of exposure to the freezing temperatures of deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age. Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing and NASA experts realized that they had to do something or lose contact with their probe forever. The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use spares to change the failing parts. With the probe 12 billion kilometers from Earth, this was not an easy task. By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA’s Deep Space Network, the message was sent out into the depths of space. Even travelling at the speed of light, it took over 11 hours to reach its target, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Yet, incredibly, the little probe managed to hear the faint call from its home planet, and successfully made the switchover.
B. It was the longest-distance repair job in history, and a triumph for the NASA engineers. But it also highlighted the astonishing power of the techniques developed by American communications engineer Claude Shannon, who had died just a year earlier. Born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, Shannon showed an early talent for maths and for building gadgets, and made breakthroughs in the foundations of computer technology when still a student. While at Bell Laboratories, Shannon developed information theory, but shunned the resulting acclaim. In the 1940s, he single-handedly created an entire science of communication which has since inveigled its way into a host of applications, from DVDs to satellite communications to bar codes — any area, in short, where data has to be conveyed rapidly yet accurately.
C. This all seems light years away from the down-to-earth uses Shannon originally had for his work, which began when he was a 22-year-old graduate engineering student at the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939. He set out with an apparently simple aim: to pin down the precise meaning of the concept of ‘information’. The most basic form of information, Shannon argued, is whether something is true or false — which can be captured in the binary unit, or ‘bit’, of the form 1 or 0. Having identified this fundamental unit, Shannon set about defining otherwise vague ideas about information and how to transmit it from place to place. In the process he discovered something surprising: it is always possible to guarantee information will get through random interference — ‘noise’ — intact.
D. Noise usually means unwanted sounds which interfere with genuine information. Information theory generalses this idea via theorems that capture the effects of noise with mathematical precision. In particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on the rate at which information can pass along communication channels while remaining error-free. This rate depends on the relative strengths of the signal and noise travelling down the communication channel, and on its capacity (its ‘bandwidth’). The resulting limit, given in units of bits per second, is the absolute maximum rate of error-free communication given singal strength and noise leve. The trick, Shannon showed, is to find ways of packaging up —‘coding’ — information to cope with the ravages of noise, while staying within the information-carrying capacity —‘bandwidth’ — of the communication system being used.
E. Over the years scientists have devised many such coding methods, and they have proved crucial in many technological feats. The Voyager spacecraft transmitted data using codes which added one extra bit for every single bit of information; the result was an error rate of just one bit in 10,000 — and stunningly clear pictures of the planets. Other codes have become part of everyday life — such as the Universal Product Code, or bar code, which uses a simple error-detecting system that ensures supermarket check-out lasers can read the price even on, say, a crumpled bag of crisps. As recently as 1993, engineers made a major breakthrough by discovering so-called turbo codes —which come very close to Shannon’s ultimate limit for the maximum rate that data can be transmitted reliably, and now play a key role in the mobile videophone revolution.
F. Shannon also laid the foundations of more efficient ways of storing information, by stripping out superfluous (‘redundant’) bits from data which contributed little real information. As mobile phone text messages like ‘I CN C U’ show, it is often possible to leave out a lot of data without losing much meaning. As with error correction, however, there’s a limit beyond which messages become too ambiguous. Shannon showed how to calculate this limit, opening the way to the design of compression methods that cram maximum information into the minimum space.
Questions 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
27 an explanation of the factors affecting the transmission of information
28 an example of how unnecessary information can be omitted
29 a reference to Shannon’s attitude to fame
30 details of a machine capable of interpreting incomplete information
31 a detailed account of an incident involving information theory
32 a reference to what Shannon initially intended to achieve in his research
Questions 33-37
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS form the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.
The Voyager 1 Space Probe
? The probe transmitted pictures of both 33______ and ______, then left the 34 ______.
? The freezing temperatures were found to have a negative effect on parts of the space probe.
? Scientists feared that both the 35 ______ and ______ were about to stop working.
? The only hope was to tell the probe to replace them with 36 ______ — but distance made communication with the probe difficult.
? A 37 ______ was used to transmit the message at the speed of light.
? The message was picked up by the probe and the switchover took place.
Questions 38-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passge 3?
In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
38 The concept of describing something as true or false was the starting point for Shannon in his attempts to send messages over distances.
39 The amount of information that can be sent in a given time period is determined with reference to the signal strength and noise level.
40 Products have now been developed which can convey more information than Shannon had anticipated as possible.
剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test3)
PASSAGE 1 参考译文：
对语言的态度
对于语言进行系统、客观的研究并不容易。语言学上的普通争论通常会升级为谩骂和论战。语言属于 所有人，所以大多数人认为他们有权保留自己对语言的看法。而当看法出现分歧时，人们可能变得情绪激 动。语言用法方面的一点小事，就能像语言学教育政策中的重大问题一样很容易引起争论。
另外，语言是一种非常公开的行为，所以语言的不同用法很容易引起人们的注意与批评。所有社会组 成部分或者社会行为无一例外。语言因素影响我们如何判断一个人的个性、智力、社会地位、教育程度、工作能力以及许多关于身份与社会生存的其他方面。因此，当无意间发生语言攻击时，人们很容易伤害他人 或受到伤害。
就其最通常的意义而言，规定主义认为某种语言向来就比其他语言具有更高的价值，并且这一点应该 适用于整个语言社会。该观点是特别针对语法和词汇而提出的，但也经常涉及发音。这里提到的具有更高 价值的语言通常指的是“标准”书面语言，尤其是在文学作品或最能体现这一特点的正式口语中。该语言的支持者其说话或者写作的方法被称为“正确的”方法，而任何偏差都被认为是“错误的”。
对所有主要语言的研究都是约定俗成的，尤其在18世纪对语法与词典的编写过程中。这些早期的语法 学家有以下三个目标：(a)他们想把语言规则编写成文，证明看起来混乱的用法有其系统性;(b)找出一种 方法来解决关于语言用法的争论;(c)指出他们所认为的普遍错误，以便“改善”语言。该方法对语法“规则”的依赖最能体现出其独裁的本质。其中一些用法是“约定俗成的”，要严格学习和遵守;而另外一些用法则是“禁止”的，是要避免的。在早期，没有折中的衡量方法：语言用法非对即错，而语法家的任务不只是记录 不同的语法，还要对其进行判断。
这些态度现在仍然伴随着我们,并且引起人们对保留语言标准的广泛关注。然而另一个不同的观点认为，应该更多地关注语言用法的事实，而不是语言用法的标准。该观点可以总结为：语法家的任务是描述而不是规定，是记录语言多样性的实例而不是试图完成评价语言的差异或阻止语言的改变这样不可能完成的任务。在18世纪后半期，我们已经发现了该观点的支持者，比如Joseph Priestley,他在1761年编写的《英语语法人门》中坚持认为，“说话的习惯是最原始的、也是所有语言的唯一标准”。有人认为语言问题是不能用逻辑与立法来解决的，这种观点已经成为现代语言学语法分析方法的宗旨。
在我们这个时代，“描述派”与“规定派”之间的对立经常变得很极端，双方经常互相误解。描述派语法家一直被认为不注重标准，在他们看来，各种用法都同样是合理的。而规定派语法家一直被认为盲目遵循历史传统。双方的对立甚至表现在类似政治的术语上——激进自由主义与精英保守主义。
TEST 3 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：
潮汐发电
在水下安装涡轮机利用潮汐发电，将成为英国获得可再生能源的一个重要途径。现在预测潮汐发电可能产生的影响还为时过早，但是种.种迹象表明，未来潮汐发电将发挥重要作用。
A和风力涡轮机的运行原理一样，水力涡轮机的动力来自潮流，在潮流的作用下轮机叶片像船只的螺旋桨一样工作。但是与风不同的是，潮汐是可预测的，而且其输人功率是恒定的。这项技术为英国可再生能源的自给自足开辟了广阔的前景，同时也大大降低了二氧化碳的排放量。如果潮汐、风力和海浪发电都能得到开发，那么英国就能关闭天然气、煤炭和核能发电站，并向欧洲其他地区出口可再生能源。与之前开发风能有所不同一风能由英国首先开发，而后却搁置了20年，最后由荷兰将其发展成一个主要产业，这次通过向日本与新西兰这样的岛国出口水下涡轮机，英国将赚取巨额外汇。
B已经确定选址的潮汐发电站将为英国提供六分之一甚至更多的电力，而且其价格与现代汽轮机发电价格相比更具竞争力，同时可以使已经深陷困境的核工业的核能价格降低。仅仅是位于奥克尼岛和苏格兰大陆之间的彭特兰湾的一个潮汐发电站，其水下的数排涡轮机就能提供英国所需10%的电量。另一个位于海峡群岛内奥尔德尼岛的发电站，其装机容量是英国最大、最新核电站装机容量的三倍，而这一位于萨福克郡的赛兹韦尔B核电站的最大装机容量达到1,200兆瓦。其他已经确定的潮汐发电站选址包括布里斯托尔海峡和苏格兰西海岸，特别是位于坎贝尔敦与北爱尔兰之间的海峡。
C南安普敦大学的可持续能源研究小组在新涡轮机叶片的设计和潮汐发电站的选址方面的工作进行得很顺利。第一个潮汐发电站预计很快将在德文郡的林茅斯海岸建立，用来检测贸易与工业部和欧盟的一个合资项目研发的技术。南安普敦大学可持续能源研究小组的负责人AbuBakr Bahaj表示：“潮流发电的前景要比风力发电好得多，因为潮流可以预测而且恒定不变。应对海底恶劣盐渍环境的技术已经在北海油田工业中得以研发，而且得益于对风力发电及船只螺旋桨等技术的积累，人们对涡轮机叶片的设计已经有了很多了解。虽然目前有一些技术上的困难，但是我相信在未来的五到十年之间我们将建立商业性的水力发电场。”南安普敦大学在三年多里已经获得了215,000英镑用于制造涡轮机，并且正与IT 能源公司的子公司海洋洋流涡轮机公司合作开展林茅斯项目。欧盟的研究巳经确定了106处潜在的潮汐发电站选址，其中80%位于英国海岸线附近。最好的位置是在岛屿之间或者犬牙交错的海岸线附近，这些地方拥有强大的潮流。
D水力涡轮机叶片只需要有风力发电机叶片三分之一的大小，就能产生风力发电机三倍的电力。由于叶片的直径大约为20米，所以需要方圆30米左右的水域进行发电。与风力发电不同的是,水力发电对环境造成的影响很小，运转相对较慢的涡轮机叶片对鱼类和其他生物不会带来危害。每一台涡轮机都会安 装在机塔上，机塔通过水下电缆与国家电网连接。这些机塔将会露出水面并且被点亮，用于警示过往船只，同时也便于维护涡轮机叶片以及清理其中的海藻。
E Bahaj博士已经完成了奥尔德尼发电站的大部分工作，那里的海域有着强大的潮流。仅仅这一个水下涡轮机群的发电量就远比海峡群岛所需要的电量还要多，其中大部分电量将运输到法国电网，然后通过水下电缆重新进人英国。
F空化是一项技术难题，涡轮机叶片转动过程中会使经过的区域气压降低，从而产生气泡，这会引起涡轮机叶片振动从而损坏叶片。Bahaj博士说：“我们必须检测大量不同的涡轮机叶片以避免这个问题的发 生，至少确保涡轮机不受损害或其性能不受影响。另一个让人稍有担心的问题是水下杂物会钻进涡轮机叶片中，但是目前我们还不清楚这个问题的严重性。海洋中环境恶劣，我们必须使涡轮机非常坚固，而各种事实证明我们能够做到这一点。”
TEST 3 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：
信息理论——伟大的构想
从根本上说，信息理论是一切事物的中心——从DVD播放器、DNA遗传密码，到宇宙物理学。一直以来信息理论对通信科学的发展都极为重要，它使数据可以电子化传送，因而也对我们的生活产生了重大影响。
A 2002年4月发生的一件事展现了信息理论的一大应用。1977年发射的太空探测器“旅行者1号”发回了木星和土星的壮观照片，然后飞出太阳系开始它的单程旅行，飞往其他恒星执行任务。25年来，“旅行者1 号”始终暴露在寒冷的深空中，它的性能开始逐渐衰退，传感器和电路已经接近崩溃的边缘。美国宇航 局专家意识到他们必须采取措施，否则就会永远和“旅行者1号”失去联系。为了解决这一问题,他们的方案是给“旅行者1号”发去信息，指导它用备件更换已经出现故障的部件。考虑到“旅行者1号”距离地 球120亿公里之远，这并不是一项简单的任务。信息最终通过美国宇航局深空网的无线电天线传送到了太空深处。该信息虽然以光速传播，却还是花了11个小时才到达远在冥王星轨道之外的目标。然而令人难以置信的是，这颗小小的探测器成功接收到了来自故乡星球微弱的召唤，并顺利地更换了零件。
B这是有史以来最远距离的修理工作，也是美国宇航局工程师的一大成功。但是，这也突出显示了(信息)技术的惊人力量，这些技术由一年前(注：2001年)刚刚离世的美国通信工程师Claude Shannon研发。.Claude Shannon于1916年出生于密歇根州的佩托斯基。他少年时便展示出了在数学与制作小器械方面的天赋，而且在学生时期就在计算机的基础技术上取得了多项突破。在贝尔实验室时，Shannon发展了信息理论，但他并不看重因此而获得的荣誉。20世纪40年代，他一手创立了完整的通信科学理论，随后该理论得到了广泛应用，从DVD到卫星通信，再到条形码——总之，需要快速而又准确传送数据的所有领域都应用到了通信科学。
C 1939年，22岁的Shannon是著名的麻省理工学院工程系的研究生，那时候通信科学的实际应用似乎遥不 可及，与当时他在研究工作中实际使用的技术相差很远。他从一个再简单不过的目标开始着手确 定“信息”的准确概念。Shannon认为最基本的信息形式是判断事物正确与否，这可以用二进制单位“比 特”以1或者0的形式记录。确定了这个最基本的单位后，Shannon开始阐释关于信息的其他模糊概念以 及如何在不同地点之间传送信息;在这一过程中，他得到了惊人的发现一信息总是能够克服“噪声”的随机干扰而被完整传送。
D “噪声”通常是指干扰真正信息的无用声音——通过用精确的数学计算得出噪声影响的定理，信息理论概括出了上述这个观点。Shannon特别指出，噪声决定了信息通过信道无误差传送的极限速度。这个速度取决于信号与噪声在信道中传送时的相对强度以及信道传送数据的能力(即带宽)。该速度单位为比 特/秒，是在给定的信号强度和噪声水平下，信息无误差传送的最大绝对速度。Shannon指出，提高这一 速度的有效方法是在所使用的通信系统的传送能力(即带宽)范围内，找到将信息打包(即编码)的方式 来应对噪声的破坏。
E多年以来科学家们已经设计出了许多编码方式，也证实了这些方式对许多技术成就而言是至关重要的。旅行者号航天器利用编码传送数据，这些编码在每比特信息上都额外增加了一比特信息，使错误率 仅为万分之一，因而得到了行星的极其清晰的图片。其他一些编码已经成为了我们日常生活的一部分，比如通用商品代码或称条形码。这些编码都使用了一个简单的纠错系统，确保超市的扫码器能够读出 甚至是在一个弄皱了的薯条袋上的价格。就在最近的1993年，工程师们取得了一项重大突破，发现了所谓的Turbo码，这与Shannon提出的信息可以安全传送的最大速度极限非常接近。现在，Turbo码在移动可视电话变革中起着关键的作用。
F通过去除含有较少真实信息的多余数据，Shannon也为开发更有效率地存储信息的方式奠定了基础。 正如手机短信“ICNCU”(I can see you的缩写)一样，往往在省略很多数据之后，意思基本保持不变。然而，由于存在信息纠错，省略也有一个极限，一旦超越这个极限信息就会变得含糊不清。Shannon说明了如何计算这一极限，为设计信息压缩方法从而将最大的信息量塞进最小的空间开辟了道路。
剑桥雅思解析阅读9(test3)
Passage 1
Question 1
答案： YES
关键词： reasons, arguments occur
定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“Popular linguistic debate... ”语言学上的普通争论通常会升级为谩骂和论战。语言属于所有人，所以大多数人认为他们有权保留自己对语言的看法。
解题思路: 题干要判断对于语言的争论，原因是否可以理解。 原文陈述，语言属于所有人，大多数人有权保留对语言的看法，所以人们的观点会产生分歧是可以理解的。题干与原文完全一致。
Question 2
答案： NO
关键词： language education, language usage
定位原文： 第1段第4句“And when opinions differ,…” 而当看法出现分歧时，人们可能变得情绪激动。语言用法方面的一点小事，就能像语言学教育政策中的重大问题一样很容易引起争论。
解题思路： 题干要判断人们对待语言教育的态度是否比对待语言用法的态度更加强烈。原文陈述，语言用法方面的一点小事都能像语言学教育政策中的大事一样引起争论，这说明对待语言用法与语言学教育政策的态度同样强烈。题干与原文所述观点不一致。
Question 3
答案： YES
关键词： intelligence, affect
定位原文： 第2段第2句“No part of society or social…” 所有社会组成部分或者社会行为无一例外。语言因素影响我们如何判断一个人的个性、智力、社会地位、教育程度、工作能力以及许多身份与社会生存的其他方面。
解题思路： 题干要判断使用语言的方式是否会影响人们对一个人智力的评估。原文陈述，语言因素影响我们如何判断一个人的个性、智力……题干与原文完全一致。
Question 4
答案： NOT GIVEN
关键词： prescriptive, 18th century
对应原文： 第4段第1句“All the main languages…”
解题思路： 对所有主要语言的研究都是约定俗成的，尤其在18世纪对语法与词典的编写过程中。用定位词定位到的这句话中没有提到书的价格髙低与否。
Question 5
答案： YES
关键词： prescriptivism, today
定位原文： 第5段第1句“These attitudes are still with…” 这些态度现在仍然伴随着我们，并且引起人们对保留语言标准的广泛关注。
解题思路： 题干要判断现在规定主义是否仍然存在。原文陈述，这些态度现在仍然伴随着我们，题干与原文完全一致。
Question 6
答案: YES
关键词: descriptivists, language change, pointless, stop
定位原文: 第5段第3句“This approach is summarized in…” 该观点可以总结为：语法家的任务是描述而不是规定，是记录语言多样性的实例而不是试图完成评价语言的差异或阻止语言的改变这种不可能完成的任务。
解题思路： 题干要判断对于描述派来说，阻止语言变化是否毫无意义。原文陈述，语法家的任务……不是阻止语言的改变这种不可能完成的任务。题干中阻止语言变化毫无意义=语法家的任务并非阻止语言改变这种不可能完成的任务。题干与原文完全一致。
Question 7
答案： NO
关键词： after the 18th century, only
定位原文： 第5段第4句“In the second half of the 18th century,…” 在18世纪后半期，我们已经发现了该观点的支持者，比如Joseph Priestley, 他在1761年编写的《英语语法入门》中坚持认为，“说话的习惯是最原始的、也是所有语言的唯一标准”。
解题思路： 题干中出现ONLY, 所以主要判断描述主义是否只有到18世纪后才出。原文陈述，18世纪后半期，我们已经发现了该观点的支持者，那就意味着在这个时间以前，已经有了描述主义的观点。题干与原文陈述的时间有出入，不一致。
Question 8
答案: YES
关键词: descriptivists, prescriptivists
定位原文: 第6段第1句“In our own time, the opposition…” 在我们这个时代，“描述派”与 “规定派”之间的对立经常变得很极端，双方经常互相误解。
解题思路: 题干要判断针对这两派的描述是否有失真实。原文陈述，“描述派”与 “规定派”之间的对立经常变得很极端，双方经常互相误解。题干与原文完全一致。
Question 9
答案: H
关键词: correct form of language
定位原文: 第3段第1句“In its most general…”;第3段最后一句“Adherents to…” 就其最普通的意义而言，规定主义认为某种语言向来就比其他语言具有更高的价值……该语言的支持者其说话或者写作的方法被称为“正确的”方法，而任何偏差都被认为是 “错误的”。
解题思路： 原文中陈述，规定主义认为某种语言的说话或写作方法只有一种 “正确的”方法，那么持这种看法的人就是规定派、规定主义者，把 prescriptivists带入空格中，解释为：根据规定主义者，语言只有一种正确的形式。因此选H。
Question 10
答案: F
关键词： approach, grammatical
定位原文： 第4段第3句“The authoritarian nature of…” 该方法对语法“规则”的依赖最能体现出其独裁的本质。
解题思路: 推崇规定主义的语言学家非常强调语法规则。因此选 F。
Question 11
答案: A
关键词: Joseph Priestley
定位原文: 第5段第4句“In the second half of the 18th century,…”
解题思路: 在18世纪后半期，我们已经发现了该 观点的支持者，比如Joseph Priestley。由此往前找，找到这句This approach is summarised in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe--to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change.该观点可以总结为：语法家的任务是描述而不是规定，是记录语言多样性的实例而不是 试图完成评价语言的差异或阻止语言的改变这样不可能完成的任务。说明Joseph Priestley是描述主义者的代表。因此选A。
Question 12
答案： C
关键词： Joseph Priestley, grammar
定位原文： 同上一题，比如Joseph Priestley,他在 1761 年编写的《英语语法入门》中坚持认为，“说话的习惯是最原始的、也是所有语言的唯一标准 ”。
解题思路： the custom of speaking = C popular speech, 即认为语法应该建立在通俗语言的基础上。因此选C。
Question 13
答案： B
关键词： writer’s purpose
定位原文： 全篇主旨题，详见参见解题思路
解题思路： 选项A：争论的是编写词典和语法书具体的方式，原文中没有论述，只有第四段提到了grammars and dictionaries, 但不是作者的意图;选项C：描述口语和书面语的区别，这与原文也没有直接关系。不过在第三段看到选项中的spoken language, 陈述如下：“The variety which is favoured, is…style.”这里提到的具有更高价值的语言通常指的是“标准”书面语言，尤其是在文学作品或最能体现这一特点的正式口语中。这里提到的是细节，并不是意图。因此只剩下在选项B、D中推敲。选项D：展现对于语言的某种看法是饱受怀疑的，这不是通篇陈述的内容，构不成作者的写作意图。所以按排除法选出选项B：通过历史实例展示关于语言的不同观点。
Test 3 Passage 2
Question 14
答案: C
关键词: first test site
定位原文: C段第2句“The first station is…”第一个潮汐发电站预计很快将在德文郡的林茅斯海岸建立，用来检测贸易与工业部和欧盟的一个合资项目研发的技术。
解题思路: 题干中的first test两个词都直接对应这句话中的first...test; 而题干中的site对应原文的 Lynmouth in Devon, 表示测试站的地点。
Question 15
答案: E
关键词: back into Britain
定位原文: E段第2句“The single undersea turbine farm…”
解题思路: 仅仅这一个水下涡轮机群的发电量就远比海峡群岛所需要的电量还要多，其中大部分电量将运输到法国电网，然后通过水下电缆重新进入英国。 题干中的back into Britain对应原文中的...be re-imported into Britain via the…
Question 16
答案： A
关键词： previous, alternative source of energy
定位原文： A段最后一句“Unlike wind power which Britain…” 与之前开发风能有所不同，风能由英国首先开发，而后却搁置了20年，最后由荷兰将其发展成一个主要产业，这次通过向日本与新西兰这样的岛国出口水下涡轮机，英国将赚取巨额外汇。
解题思路: 题干中的previous对应这句话中的Unlike...0riginany, 为了突出这次潮汐发电的前景，这句话提到了之前英国对风能进行尝试开发，但却半途而废，被荷兰发展壮大。
Question 17
答案： C
关键词： technology, another industry
定位原文： C段第4句“The technology for dealing with…” 应对海底恶劣盐渍环境的技术已经在北海油田工业中得以研发，而且人们对涡轮机叶片的设计已经有了很多了解。
解题思路：题目中的another industry对应这句话中的the North Sea oil industry，属于同义表达。
Question 18-Question 22
答案: A, D, E, F,J (in any order)
关键词： claims about tidal power are made by the writer
定位原文： 指定多选，参见解题思路
解题思路: 选项A(A段第1句)题干中more reliable source of energy(更可靠的能源)对应这句话中的...are predictable and the power input is constant, 表明潮汐能源具备风能所没有的两个优点：可预测的，恒定的;选项B，过于绝对，不选;选项C，文中完全未提及;选项D(A段第2句)二氧化碳的排放量下降了，自然也减少了空气污染;选项E(A段第3句)题干中的 contribute to the closure of many existing power stations对应文中 的…dose gas, coal and nuclear power plants…;选项F(A段最后一句)，题干中的 national income 对应原文中的 earner (意为 a business or activity which makes a profit);选项G、H、I，文中完全未提及;选项J(C段倒数第二句)题干中best produced in the vicinity of coastlines对应这句话中的The best sites are between...。
Question 23
答案: maintenance
关键词： and, seaweed
定位原文： D段最后一句“..and also be designed…seaweed from the blades.”
解题思路：空格中的词应该和定位词seaweed构成并列关系，且最好出现在and之前，同时可预测词性为名词。此外，因为题干中的raised可同义替换成原文lifted, 故符合要求的只有maintenance, 意思为：整个机塔可以露出水面，以便维护叶片以及清理其中的海藻。
Question 24
答案： slow-turning
关键词： due to, sea life not in danger, blades
定位原文：D段第4句“Fish and other creatures are…”
解题思路：空格前有due to，可预测需要填表示原因的词。再进一步分析，空格前是副词，因而空格要填的是形容词。题干中sea life not in danger 对应原文 creatures unlikely to be at risk(海洋生物不会面临危险)，原因是叶片转速相对较低，所以slow-turning为备选。同时，题干中comparatively可同义替换原文中的 relatively，所以备选答案被验证，此空应该填slow-turning。
Question 25
答案： low pressure
关键词： result from, behind blades
定位原文：F段第1句“One technical difficulty is…”
解题思路：空格里应该填名词，表原因，并且最好是出现在定 位词behind, blades之前，包含定位词的这句话中可能是答案的有两个名词：cavitation，low pressure。题干中的result from对应原文中的cause,而能够形成紧密因果关系的是low pressure, 之前的cavitation是这种技术难题的名称。整个题干的意思为：叶片后方由于气压低而产生气泡。这种技术难题被称做空化。所以25题答案为low pressure，26题答案为cavitation。
Question 26
答案： cavitation
关键词： known as
定位原文：F段第1句“One technical difficulty is…”
解题思路：参考25题分析。题干known as对应原文中...is...
Test 3 Passage 3
Question 27
答案： D
关键词： factors, affecting, transmission of information
定位原文：D段2、3、4句“Information theory generalizes…”通过用精确的数学计算得出 噪声影响的定理，信息理论概括出了上述这个观点。Shannon特别指出，噪声决定了信息通过信道无误差传送的极限速度。这个速度取决于信号与噪声在信道中传送时的相对强度以及信道传送数据的能力。
解题思路： 题干中的affecting对应原文中的depend on，题干中的factors对应原文中的noise和communication channel。这道题目相对较难，不太容易理解。从表面上看这个题目要求，似乎每段都可能包含一个信息。但其实可以使用排除法，很快地排除其他段落后，在D段中查找起来就更有针对性。
Question 28
答案： F
关键词： unnecessary information, omitted
定位原文：F段第1、2句“Shannon also laid the foundations…” 通过去除含有较少真实信息的多余数据，Shannon也为开发更有效率地存储信息的方式奠定了基础。正如手机短信“I CN C U”(I can see you的缩写) 一样，往往在省略很多数据之后，意思基本保持不变。
解题思路： 题干中的unnecessary和omitted分别对应原文中的superfluous (‘redundant’)和stripping out, leave out。
Question 29
答案： B
关键词： Shannon’s attitude
定位原文：B段第4句“While at Bell Laboratories, Shannon…”
解题思路：在贝尔实验室时，Shannon发展了信息理论，但他并不看重因此而获得的荣誉。原文中的这处细节，对应了问题中Shannon对于名声的态度。
Question 30
答案： E
关键词： machine, capable, incomplete information
定位原文：E段第3句“Other codes have become…” 其他一些编码已经成为了 我们日常生活的一部分，比如通用商品代码或称条形码。这些编码都使用了一个简单的纠错系统，确保超市的扫码器能够读出甚至是在一个弄皱了的薯条袋上的价格。
解题思路：题目中的 machine 对应原文中 supermarket check-out lasers，题目中的 incomplete information对应原文中the price on a crumpled bag of crisps，薯条包装袋被弄皱了，上面的条形码显示就不会太清晰，因此此处理解为不完整信息。
Question 31：
答案： A
关键词： incident, information theory
定位原文： A段第1句和最后一句，“In April 2002 an event took…” “Yet, incredibly, the little…” 2002年4月发生的一件事展现了 信息理 论的一大应用。……然而令人难以置信的是，这颗小小的探测器成功接收到了来自故乡星球微弱的召唤，并顺利地更换了零件。
解题思路：题目中incident的英文解释为“an event, especially one that is unusual or important”，对应原文中的event; 而题干中的information theory对应原文中的information theory。事实上，A 段整个段落都是对这个细节事件的描述。
Question 32：
答案： C
关键词： initially intended to, achieve
定位原文： C段前两句“This all seems light…”
解题思路： 1939年，22 岁的 Shannon是著名的麻省理工学院工程系的研究生，那时候通信科学的实际应用似乎遥不可及，与当时 他在研究工作中实际使用的技术相差很远。他从一个再简单不过的目标开始着手——确 定“信息”的准确概念。题目中的initially intended to对应原文set out with an apparently simple aim。
Question 33：
答案： Jupiter Saturn(in either order)
关键词： both... and, probe transmitted pictures
定位原文： A段第2句“The space probe, Voyager I…”
解题思路： 两个空格之间有表示并列关系的连接词both... and...,可预测要填的两个词为并列关系的名词。通过定位词pictures找到原文中包含images 的那句话，pictures和images为同义转述。很明 显images后面的一组并列关系的名词Jupiter 和Saturn就是正确答案。
Question 34：
答案： Solar System
关键词： then left the
定位原文：同上题
解题思路：空格前为定冠词the,因此预测出空格处应该 填名词，并且此词最好在和定位词then left the 意思相近的表达后面。因此，我们可以很轻松地定位到原文中and then soared out of..., left 和soared out of是同义转述，后面的Solar System即为正确答案。
Question 35：
答案： sensors circuits(in either order)
关键词： both...and…, freezing temperatures, scientists
定位原文： A段第4句“After 25 years of exposure to…”
解题思路： 两个空格之间有表示并列关系的连接词both...and...，可以预测要填的两个词为并列关系的名词。通过定位词freezing temperatures定位到原文中的原词。按照顺序原则继续往下找，定位词scientists对应原文中的NASA experts。仔细读包含这两个定位词的两句话，很明显存在一组并列关系的名词sensors and circuits。然后进一步推敲答案的确定性。题干中的stop working对应原文中的on the brink of failing, 从而可以最终确定sensors和circuits为正确答案。
Question 36：
答案： spares
关键词： probe, replace, distance, difficult
定位原文： A段第4句“The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to…”
解题思路： 空格前为介词with,可预测空格里应该填名词，并且此词最好在distance之前。题干中的 distance 定位到原文中 12 billion kilometers from Earth, 题干中的difficult定位到原文中 this was not an easy task, 因此需要从前一个句子中找答案。题干中replace对应原文中 change, 题干中的replace them with对应原文 中的 use spares to change the failing parts, 显然， spares为正确答案。
Question 37：
答案： radio dish
关键词： transmit, message, speed of light
定位原文： A段倒数第3句“By means of a radio dish…”
解题思路：空格前为冠词a，可以预测空格处应该填辅音开头的名词。用定位词speed of light定位到原文中，transmit与原文中的send out属于同义转 换。message是如何以光速传送出去的呢?题 干中的...was used to对应于原文中的by means of..., 因此radio dish为正确答案。
Question 38：
答案： TRUE
关键词： true or false, was the starting point, over distances
定位原文： C段第3句“The most basic form of…” Shannon 认为最基本的信息形式是判断事物正确与否，这可以用二进制单位“比特”以1或者0的形式记录。
解题思路：本题解题关键是Shannon研究远距离传送信息的起点。原文陈述，Shannon认为最基本的信息形式是判断事物正确与否。starting point = basic form, 题干与原文完全一致。
Question 39：
答案： TRUE
关键词： signal strength, noise level,
定位原文： D段第4句“This rate depends on…”
解题思路： 这个速度取决于信号与噪音在信道中传送时的相对强度以及信道传送数据的能力(即带宽)。题干中判断的关键点is determined with, 与原文depends on表述一致。
Question 40：
答案： FALSE
关键词： now, Shannon, convey information
定位原文： E段最后一句“As recently as 1993，engineers made a major…” 就在最近的1993年，工程师们取得了一项重大突破，发现了所谓的Turbo码，这与Shannon提出的信息可以安全传送的最大速度极限非常接近。现在，Turbo码在移动可视电话变革中起着关键的作用。
解题思路： 将题干中的now对应到原文的as recently as 1993以及后面的now,题干中要判断的关键点是more...than Shannon had anticipated...(超过Shannon预期)，与原文中的...which come very dose to Shannon’s ultimate limit (与Shannon提出的最大限度非常接近)。题干与原文所述事实不符合
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