如何把托福阅读长难句化长为短
众所周知，托福阅读的最大特点之 -- 就是“长”-- 句子长、文章长、题目长。短短20分钟内做完一篇并且保证13-14道题目的正确率。那么，面对长度时怎么有效化解呢?今天小编就给大家分享一下如何把托福阅读长难句化长为短?
如何把托福阅读长难句化长为短
1. 长句子
俗话说得好，世上本没有长难句，修饰成分多了便有了长难句。面对一个难以理解的长句子，我们首先去反应一个问题，这个句子的生词多不多?如果有较多不认识的生词，那么先从单词的查漏补缺开始做起。然而本文的重点不是单词的记忆，而是面对单词基本都认识，句子还是不理解或者读不下去的问题该怎么办。那么，问题的关键在于句子的语法结构你是否能够明析，能否快速判断出句子的主干和细节。接下来我们用一个例子加以说明。
A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.
这个句子的单词难度比较适中，但是句子本身的难度并不小。原因在于句子结构比较复杂，我们来对它进行庖丁解牛。
A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.
红色部分划出了这个句子的核心主干(即主谓宾)，间隔很大，支离破碎。注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need，establish是及物动词，后面却加了介词in，说明此处有倒装，还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语(即蓝色划线部分)太长，为了防止头重脚轻。
原句中绿色部分是人名的并列，也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。紫色部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语，黄色部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectors。
综上所述，本句运用了多种语法结构(并列，倒装，同位语，后置定语，插入语)把主干部分分割得支离破碎，如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法，那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。
翻译：几位艺术收藏家(此处省略几位艺术家名字)将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱负的艺术家们，并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。
2. 长文章
说完句子结构，下面来说说段落和文章结构的重要性。面对比较长的段落和文章，要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息，做对题目，那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落为例来讲解。
In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
对于这种较长的段落，如何快速辨别段落内部结构和句与句之间的逻辑是理解的关键。[一般来说，段落的主题常出现的位置在段首和段尾，但是也有例外，比如段落内部出现转折，那么要注意转折后的内容与前面相反而且是重点。]
这个段落，首句在讲两个党派的社会组成是相似的，接着的第二三句出现了both、neither表示“都”、“都不”，提出了两点相似之处。第四句出现了关键性的however，而该句以及接下来的句子主语也发生了转变，都变为两个党派的其中一个。那么，可以推断出however之后的内容与前面相反，所以段落的主题落在了Democrats和Whigs社会组成的不同之处。
3. 长题目
(包括选项)
有些学生过五关斩六将，好不容易将文章意思弄懂的差不多了，一看题目和选项瞬间又一脸懵x。于是只能依靠“经典口诀”来蒙答案，三短一长选一长，三长一短选一短，参差不齐就选c。大家不要模仿哦!
选项看不懂这种情况的出现是为什么呢?主要原因在于选项的同义改写。
同义，意味着核心意思保持一致;改写，意味着换一种说法，简单的例如替换同义词语，复杂的例如改变句子结构。下面，我们结合前面所讲的长难句理解内容来做一道句子简化题。
The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.
B. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.
C. The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.
D. The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.
答案：选D
单词：
integrate v. 使融合;使结合
dominate v. 主宰
semisubsistence n. 半自给自足
languish v. 失去活力
快速做法：
Step 1：根据逻辑排除A，因果逻辑无
Step 2：根据主干结构排除C，主语不对
Step 3：细读B和D，发现B与原句矛盾，排除。
详细解析：
原句的结构比较简单易懂，主语是红色部分。句子逻辑是绿色的whereas，表示“然而”。所以这句话是在对比Whigs和Democrats势力分布上的区别。
A选项的极端词only、最高级wealthiest、because因果逻辑均无体现
B选项表示两个党派的势力在城市和乡村地区各自自然分布，与原句前半句矛盾
C选贤偷换主干，原句主干不是farming areas
D选项涉及同义改写，whereas与while同义替换，逻辑对应。poorer areas同义对应原句的more isolated and languishing economically;market fully operating同义对应原句的fully integrated into market economy
根据上文总结在做长难句时，首先排除与原句不符的改写，其次要看主干结构与原句是否一致。
托福阅读解决长难句技巧
托福阅读中大家最烦的就是长难句了，不仅影响理解还浪费不少时间，其实对于托福阅读的长难句大家要学会化繁为简，这也是托福阅读备考要重点学习和理解的地方。
所谓主谓分隔，其实就是主语和谓语之间有着长长的修饰性成分将其隔开，这些修饰性成分可以是形容词/副词、介词短语、非谓语(过去分词、现在分词、动词不定式)，也有可能是从句(定语从句、同位语从句)。
所以要想又快又好地理解句子，需要我们迅速识别修饰性成分，抓住句子主干。下面我们就分别来看看如何从不同类型的修饰性成分中找出句子主干。
推荐阅读：想要科学分配托福阅读的时间?你需要这么做
形容词、副词
eg. Animals / able / to tolerate low temperature/ of the North Pole / can survive.
主干部分为主谓句型：动物能存活。
able形容词后置定语修饰主语：能够忍受北极低温的动物能存活。
介词短语
eg. / Thus / a part / of the total space / of any object / consists of empty space.
主干部分内容：一个部分包含空的空间。
of介词短语后置修饰主语：任何物体的总空间的一部分包含空的空间。
非谓语动词
动词不定式：The best way to calm her down is to buy her some food and let her rest.
主干内容为：最好的方法是买食物给她让她休息。
动词不定式作后置定语修饰主语：让她冷静的最好方法是买食物给她，让她休息。
现在分词：A third fossil formation containing both soft-bodied and hard-bodied animals provides evidence of the result of the Cambrian(寒武纪)explosion.
主干内容为：第三个化石形成物提供了寒武纪爆发结果的证据。
现在分词短语作后置定语修饰主句主语：包含软体动物和硬体动物的第三个化石形成物提供了寒武纪爆发结果的证据。
过去分词：The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates.
主干部分为：提高了的价值也帮助解释了出生率的增长。
过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主句主语：家庭观念方面的提高的价值也帮助解释了出生率的增长。
从句
定语从句：Girls { who have dolls [that cost more than 10 dollars] } formed a little club.
主干部分为：女孩们组成了小社团。
定语从句先行词为主句主语：那些拥有价值十美元以上娃娃的女孩们组成了小社团。
同位语从句：The fact { that artisans are frequently considered artists today } is / directly /attributable / to the Arts and Crafts Movement / of the nineteenth century /.
主干部分为：事实可以直接归因于十九世纪的工艺美术运动。
同位语从句修饰主句主语：工匠们在今天往往被认为是艺术家的事实可以直接归因于十九世纪的工艺美术运动。
希望大家能够有时间管理的概念，合理的利用好战场上的每分每秒。
托福阅读文章句间关系之比较关系详解
句间关系——比较关系(涉及的题型有：细节题/修辞目的题/推理题/句子插入题)
比较关系在句子之间的体现我想先从修辞目的题说起。各位考生可以先用三十秒的时间来浏览下下文的这段话。
“Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.”
读过这篇文章的考生应该不陌生，是官方指南上的第六篇例文。这道题目问的是作者为什么要提及阴影部分的这部分信息。通过句尾的四个单词，考生们能够感觉到飞机的这一操作其实和前文描写鱼在海里游的行为具有相同的道理，也就能判断出最后两句话之间是类比的关系。所以修辞目的题中对于比较关系的考察还是比较容易上手的,无外乎对比和类比两个角度。
在推理题中，比较关系是常见的推理思路——“反向推理”的逻辑基础。以官方指南上一篇讲到“Himalayas”和“Caledonia”山脉的文章，作者利用了对比的手法论证山的高度和年龄之间的关系。不仅有时间上的比较，也有两座山之间的比较，这种类型的题目往往是考生们会出错的点。所以在以比较手法为主导的文章中，考生们一定要注意去梳理段落中的比较关系，这些关系出没的地方，往往都是会出题的位置。
至于细节题中比较关系的体现，最典型的莫过于官方指南在阅读部分大纲介绍中的“Applied arts and Fine arts”。整个文章都是以对比的手法呈现的。类似的文章还有练习题中关于黑尾鹿和白尾鹿的话题以及太阳系里星球的话题。这种类型的文章在细节题上容易出现整段出题的情形，也就是答案是段落中心句的概括，这种考察角度对于考生的要求还是比较高的，不仅要从内容上理解，还要从句间关系上进行把握。比较关系在句子插入题中出现的形式基本上与前文提到的类似，因为出现的频率没有那么高，在此就不再赘述。
托福阅读材料练习：火星探索
Phoenix will be followed by the Mars Science Laboratory in 2011, a bigger, faster (90 m/h), and smarter version of the Mars Exploration Rovers. Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the make-up of rocks at a distance of 13 m.
The joint Russian and Chinese Phobos-Grunt mission to return samples of Mars’s moon Phobos (grunt is the Russian word for soil) was originally scheduled for October 2009, but the mission was postponed till the next launch window in 2011. On September 15, 2008, NASA announced MAVEN, a robotic mission in 2013 to provide information about Mars’ atmosphere.In 2018 the ESA plans to launch its first Rover to Mars; the ExoMars rover will be capable of drilling 2 m into the soil in search of organic molecules.
The Finnish-Russian MetNet mission will land tens of small vehicles on the Martian surface to establish a widespread surface observation network to investigate the planet’s atmospheric structure, physics and meteorology.A precursor mission using one or a few landers is scheduled for launch in 2009 or 2011. One possibility is a piggyback launch on the Russian Phobos-Grunt mission.
Manned Mars exploration by the United States has been explicitly identified as a long-term goal in the Vision for Space Exploration announced in 2004 by the then US President George W. Bush.NASA and Lockheed Martin have begun work on the Orion spacecraft, formerly the Crew Exploration Vehicle, which is currently scheduled to send a human expedition to Earth’s moon by 2020 as a stepping stone to an expedition to Mars thereafter. On September 28, 2007, NASA administrator Michael D. Griffin stated that NASA aims to put a man on Mars by 2037.
ESA hopes to land humans on Mars between 2030 and 2035.This will be preceded by successively larger probes, starting with the launch of the ExoMars probe and a joint NASA-ESA Mars sample return mission.
Mars Direct, an extremely low-cost human mission proposed by Bob Zubrin, a founder of the Mars Society, uses heavy-lift Saturn V class rockets, such as the Space X Falcon 9, or, the Ares V, to skip orbital construction, LEO rendezvous, and lunar fuel depots. A modified proposal, called "Mars to Stay", involves not returning the first immigrant/explorers immediately, if ever. Dean Unick has suggested the cost of sending a four to six person team is one fifth to one tenth the cost of returning that same four to six person team; twenty settlers could be sent for the cost of returning four.
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