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托福阅读备考之长难句分析:白垩纪灭绝事件

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大家在托福阅读的时候最怕遇到长难句了,又难理解意思还会浪费时间,下面小编给大家带来托福阅读备考之长难句分析:白垩纪灭绝事件,供大家参考。

       托福阅读备考之长难句:白垩纪灭绝事件

  Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world. (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreideieit). ( TPO42, 60)

  abbreviation /?'briv?'e??n/ n. 简略,缩短

  derive /d?'ra?v/ v. 获得,得到;源自,源于

  大家自己先读,不回读,看一遍是否能理解

  Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago (as part of a mass extinction) (known as the K-T event),(because it is associated with a geological signature) (known as the K-T boundary), (usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world). (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, (derived from the German nameKreideieit)).( TPO42, 60)

  托福阅读长难句分析:

  这个句子的主干就是:

  Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago

  修饰一:(as part of a mass extinction) ,介词短语

  中文:成为大灭绝事件的一部分

  修饰二:(known as the K-T event) ,非谓语动词

  中文:称之为K-T事件

  修饰三:(because it is associated with a geological signature) ,从句

  中文:因为它与地质学上的标签有联系

  修饰四:(known as the K-T boundary) ,非谓语动词

  中文:称为之K-T边缘

  修饰五:(usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world) ,同位语

  中文:K-T边界通常是一块在世界各地都能找到的薄薄的沉积带

  修饰六:(derived from the German name Kreideieit),非谓语动词

  中文:源自德国名字kreidezeit

  托福阅读长难句参考翻译

  大约在6500万年前,恐龙迅速地灭绝,成为K-T大规模灭绝事件的一部分,被称作K-T是因为它与地质学上的标签K-T边界有关,K-T边界通常是一块在世界各地都能找到的薄薄的沉积带。(K在惯例上是白垩纪Cretaceous的缩写,源自德国名字kreidezeit)

  这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、非谓语动词和同位语,大家务必想清楚,每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么,才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

  托福阅读:长难句有哪些类型?1 修饰成分繁多

  e.g. The high cost to investors of developing trade by sea between East and West indicates the great size of the profits that such trade could produce

  这种类型在托福阅读句子简化题中常作为考点。他的特点在于有各种修饰成分修饰,让很多考生找不到句子的主要意思,导致考生很难判断整体意思。

  首先考生要了解什么是修饰成分,考生才能把这些部分去掉找到句子主干。修饰成分可以分为三大类:

  (1)从句:

  限于同位语从句,定语从句(形容词性从句),状语从句(副词性从句)即去掉从句之

  后对主干的结构没有影响的从句。这里小编大致介绍一下各类从句,具体请同学们再去翻翻自己的语法书啦.

  ①同位语从句:是对前面的抽象名词进行解释说明的,被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系

  e.g. I have no idea what he likes.

  ②定语从句:从句在主句中作用是形容词。

  e.g. There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.

  ③状语从句:从句在主句中的作用是副词。是可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。

  e.g. You should have put the book where you found it.

  (2)介词词组:

  from.. to… / of… / by…/ without…

  (3)非谓语动词形式: doing, to do, done

  现在我们来分析第一个例句 to investors, of developing tread, by sea, between East and West属于介词词组是可以去掉的,that such trade could produce属于从句,可以去掉,剩下的主干即:The high cost indicates the great size of the profits. 高的花费表明了巨大的利润。当然修饰成分也不用去得干干净净,以至于句子都没有多少成分,失去了分析的意义;

  2 固定词组拆分

  e.g. The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not, practically speaking, renewable.

  相比于第一种类型出现频率较低。虽然在句子简化题中考的几率不高,但在题目选项中或者是原文关键信息点中会常出现。特点在于如果对于固定词组不熟悉,会导致找不到句子主干,甚至会觉得句子结构出现问题。

  这种类型的句子要求学生平时对于固定词组搭配进行累积,这样在句子中看到词组一半内容的时候就要考虑到后面是否会出现另外一半,才能把握句子整体的意思。托福阅读中常见的拆分固定词组有:so/such…that… as…as… neither…nor… from…to… between…and…等。

  在前面的例句中就出现了so…that…的拆分,结合第一种类型去掉修饰成分,原文主干信息即: The heat is replaced so slowly that geothermal energy is not renewable. 热量被替换如此慢以至于地热能不可再生。而有些同学对于so…that…句型不熟悉,以为that引导的是从句,而去掉后面的内容,导致整体结构不完整。

  3 倒装句型

  e.g. Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic professions of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of one's fellows, and entrepreneurial skill make all the difference.

  相比于前两者难度较低,只要学生对于句子基本结构有一定的了解,倒装句型比较好辨析。并且句子倒装后对意思整题影响不大,主要内容相对来说还是比较好获取的。

  这种类型的句子需要考生了解常见的倒装情况,下列即托福阅读中常见的倒装:

  (1)用于neither, nor 及 so后面。

  Neither/nor do I.

  (2)only +副词、介词短语、状语从句,在句首子开头时,后面的主谓需倒装。

  Only by working hard can we passed this difficult examination.

  (3) 用于not only 之后。

  Not only do I know Tom, but I am his teacher.

  (4) 带有否定意义的副词或者状语置于句首时,主谓就需倒装。

  Under no circumstances should we give up.

  (5) to such lengths, to such degree, to such extent等表示程度的介词短语置于句首,主谓需倒装。

  To such lengths did he go on with his windy speech.

  (6)as 引导的方式从句中

  She travelled a great deal, as did most of her friends.

  (7)not until, only when置于句首

  Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

  在第一个例句中就出现了nor的倒装,即商人和工匠也不能容忍…,所以nor后面的内容是商人和工匠没有的,如果不能分辨出这层关系,很有可能导致肯否定理解错误,影响信息点的把握。

  实用阅读攻略丨托福阅读长难句解析

  一. 托福阅读长难句

  托福阅读中为什么会有长难句?如果托福阅读中都是简单句那也体现不出来你高超的英语水平。简单地来说,就是为了测试你的英语水平,确保你具备像native speaker那样的阅读能力,不影响你日后到国外读书时阅读外文资料。所以理解托福阅读文章长难句对我们英语水平提升是有帮助的,大家一定要积极应对。托福阅读长难句有多长?刷过阅读题的小伙伴们都知道,长难句少则两三行,多则五六行,甚至会出现一整段只有一句话的情况。长难句通常会出句子简化题(细节题和推断题也常涉及长难句)。长难句的难点就在于长,中文表达中很少会有如此冗长的句子,所以大家初见英文文章长难句会很不习惯。那么,应该如何解决托福阅读中的长难句呢?

  二. 托福阅读长难句如何分析

  1. 简化

  解决托福阅读长难句的第一步是简化句子。简化句子最为有效的方法就是找到句子的主谓宾结构。我们通过一个例子来看看如何简化长难句。

  A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

  这个句子很长,但是如果我们找到句子的主干以后就可以将其简化成下面的句子:

  A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonists and established in their respective communities the idea and the need.

  这样看起来整个句子是不是一目了然非常好理解了。其实只要抓住句子的主谓宾结构,就可以迅速将句子简化,了接句子的大意。但是这样还不够,接下来还有一步。

  2. 还原

  简化过后我们可以迅速了接文章的大意,但是却缺失了修饰成分,想要全面了解句意,我们要还要将句子的修饰成分归还给各个修饰成分。举个简单的例子,这个定语从句“This is an old computer that works much slower.”的主干就是“This is a computer”,但若是不将修饰成分加回来,我们就不知道这个电脑的状态是“old”,而且“works much slower”。所以完成了简化以后要将修饰成分归位更加全面地了解句意。


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