托福阅读文章内容及特点的综合分析
托福阅读是托福考试中最为重要的内容之一，那么如何在托福阅读中高效且取得不错的分数呢?小编将为同学们带来托福阅读文章内容及特点的综合分析，希望能够帮助到大家!
托福阅读文章内容及特点的综合分析
1、托福阅读文章出处以及选材范围
作为一项语言能力测试，托福考试是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。因此，其阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学本科生使用的教材，以达到最佳的模拟测试效果。文章的选材范围极其广泛，涉及有自然科学包括：天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括：艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括：政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等交叉学科。
从选材范围可见：托福阅读的文章内容对考生知识存储量的广度有一定的要求，但同时考虑到考生来自于不同的专业，对于其他学科往往不具备专业素质，因此为了遵守考试公平性原则，文章均不对其所述及的学科做过多深入的探讨。
2、托福阅读文章类型及篇章段落结构
根据托福阅读文章的出处及选材范围，我们可以将这些文章归为三类：说明文、议论文、史实文。三者合一统称为：学术性文章。这种类型的文章，必须具备说理性特质，即行文逻辑大都遵循着相对固定的结构模式。
一句话：托福文章的篇章结构有规律可寻，段落组成有原则可守：
1) 学术性文章的篇章结构：
在学术性文章中，一般需要具备三个组成部分：
(1)Topic 话题：即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象，探讨某个历史事件;
在托福文章中，这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解;
(2)Aspects 方面：即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点，则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象，则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件，则方面为几段发展时期;
在托福文章中，往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系，将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落，共同组成行文主体;
(3)Attitude态度：即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定，或是消极否定，或是保持中立。
在托福文章中，态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。
Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度，这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"T+A+A篇章结构"。托福文章大都遵循这种结构，考生通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向，再抓住文章的各个段落主旨，便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。
2)学术性文章的段落结构
学术性文章的自然段落，一般需要具备两个组成部分：
(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表达段落的主旨，即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么;
(2) Detail 细节：为了详细说明段落中心含义，所罗列的相关支持内容，即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节，这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"TS+D段落结构"。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构，考生通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。
总结：当考生们了解了这种TAA篇章结构和TS+D段落结构的行文规律后，对文章框架的把握就会做到心里有数，更有利于提高阅读速度和定位有效信息的准确度。
3、托福阅读考试的量化指标
新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。
无阅读加试的情况下，共有3篇文章，分为两个部分，第一部分为独立的1篇文章，考试时间为20分钟;第二部分为两篇文章，考试时间为40分钟，期间这两篇文章的考试时间可以自由分配。总体考试时间为两部分之和，即60分钟。
有阅读加试的情况下，在已有的3篇文章及60分钟答题时间的基础上，再加两篇文章，并作为一个部分，共计40分钟，加试期间的两篇文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。总体考试时间为三部分之和，即100分钟。
托福阅读材料：Mars site may hold ‘buried life’
Researchers have identified rocks that they say could contain the fossilised remains of life on early Mars.
The team made their discovery in the ancient rocks of Nili Fossae.
Their work has revealed that this trench on the dark side of Mars is a "dead ringer" for a region in Australia where some of the earliest evidence of life on Earth has been buried and preserved in mineral form.
They report the findings in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
The team, led by a scientist from the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute (Seti) in California, believes that the same "hydrothermal" processes that preserved these markers of life on Earth could have taken place on Mars at Nili Fossae.
The rocks there are up to four billion years old, which means they have been around for three-quarters of the history of Mars.
When, in 2008, scientists first discovered carbonate in those rocks the Mars science community reacted with great excitement; carbonate had long been sought as definitive evidence that the Red planet was habitable - that life could have existed there.
托福阅读真题及答案：10 Questions for 50 Cent
10 Questions for 50 Cent
Introduction专辑介绍
这张不得了，真的了不起。阿姆、玛丽布莱姬、阿肯、贾斯汀、提姆巴兰、小野猫主唱妮可、黑眼豆豆主脑will.i.am等一起跪拜屌到爆
嘻哈帝王相，有数字为证。全球累积销售逼近2500万张，17张白金唱片销售认证、13座Billboard音乐奖、5座世界音乐奖、3座MTV音乐录像带大奖与3座全美音乐奖肯定
四首超强音乐录像带全球媒体同步曝光 五角帝国版图开始勾勒
Vocabulary
debuted n.v.初次登场, 开张
metaphor n.[修辞]隐喻, 暗喻, 比喻说话
uproar n. 喧嚣, 骚动
bulletproof adj.防弹的
slangn.俚语, 行话 v.用粗话骂, 用俚语说
fragment n.碎片, 断片, 片段
endorse v.在(票据)背面签名, 签注(文件), 认可, 签署
单词都很简单。。速读
He was born Curtis Jackson, but he made his mark on the rap world performing under his childhood nickname. His third album, Curtis, debuted Sept. 11. 50 Cent will now take your questions
Is it Curtis or 50 Cent? —Maggie Shaw, New York City It’s 50, but the album title is Curtis. It made perfect sense for me to title it Curtis, considering my grandfather is Curtis Sr., his firstborn is Curtis Jr. and I’m his first grandchild, so my mom named me after him. I’m Curtis III, and this is my third album. 50 Cent was a name that kind of stuck. For me, it was a metaphor for change. That’s what made me utilize it when I actually started rapping.
What should we expect from your new album? —Ignacio Meza, Los Angeles
You should expect a lot of surprises. For my last two albums, I isolated myself to working with only members of G-Unit [50 Cent’s original rap group]. On this album I worked with Justin Timberlake, Robin Thicke, Mary J. Blige, Akon, Nicole from the Pussycat Dolls, Dr. Dre and Eminem. I’m in a place where I’m secure enough to have all these other talented people around me because I’ve proven myself, with my first two projects selling over 21 million copies.
Why don’t you do more hard-core stuff like you did on Get Rich or Die Tryin’ [in 2003]? —Raveen Bhasin, Dallas
I take into consideration what the music business is facing with things like the Don Imus situation. I think it would cause a full uproar if I wrote [hard-core] lyrics from that perspective all the way through my album. That’s why I released Curtis instead of my next project, Before I Self Destruct. It’s more of a hard-core sound, and it would be too aggressive for this period.
Is your beef with Kanye [West] for real? —Erika Ramirez, Houston
I said I would retire if his album [Graduation, also released Sept. 11] sold more than mine. I think people would like for it to be a beef. Then it would be really uncomfortable for Kanye, wouldn’t it? I’m already conditioned for those things, but he’d have to adjust. My car’s already bulletproof.
Why do rappers use so much slang that the average 50-year-old can’t understand them? —Gabriel Goldenberg, Montreal
Some audiences have to come to you. You can’t cater to everybody. Kanye West’s record is aimed at a straight pop audience. It may work for him now, but I don’t believe that will exist long. That base has no loyalty at all.
You took a bullet to your face. Has that changed your rapping style? —Ravi Rami, Houston
It changed my voice. I still have a fragment of a bullet inside my tongue. And I have a hole in the back of my mouth. This is the voice that works, though. This is why I believe it happened for a reason. The voice before I got shot was the one that not many people listened to.
You have a home in suburban Connecticut. Why did you move outside the city? —Susan Ashley, Houston
I generate a lot of interest in New York City, so it’s difficult. If I was going to a nightclub or if I was just getting out of the car to go to the store, it’d be difficult. It’s way different here, because it’s a country setting. I don’t even leave my house to go to the store. I send somebody else to do it.
I know you like to work hard and play hard. What’s your favorite place to vacation? —Janelle Robison, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Vacation’s at home. I do so much traveling that when I just stay at home, it feels like I’m on vacation. All you have to do is turn the phone off. The house is big as a country club anyway.
Are you endorsing a particular candidate in the ’08 election? —Haren Para, New York City
No, but I like Hillary. I think she was already our President once. [Laughs].
Any plans for another movie? —Conor Egan, Belmar, N.J.
I’ve got a film called Righteous Kill. It’s myself, Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, Donnie Wahlberg, John Leguizamo. [Laughs]. If you ask me, I’m the next Denzel Washington.
托福阅读练习:
1.Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.
Some audiences have to come to you. You can‘t cater to everybody.
2.what is the album title?
3.What‘s his favorite place to vacation? and why?
4.why he said:"My car‘s already bulletproof."?
参考答案及解析:
1.你不得不想到一些听众。你并不迎合所有的人。
come to sb.(指看法)被某人想出。ie,It suddenly came to her that she had been wrong all along.
2.the album title is Curtis.
3.It is at home,because he do so much traveling that when he just stay at home, it feels like he‘s on vacation.
4.Because he believe that his album sold more than Kanye‘s.
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