ted演讲稿高中生精选范文
TED(指technology, entertainment, design在英语中的缩写，即技术、娱乐、设计)是美国的一家私有非营利机构，该机构以它组织的TED大会著称，这个会议的宗旨是“值得传播的创意”.一起来看看ted演讲稿高中生精选范文，欢迎查阅!
ted演讲稿1
I grew up diagnosed as phobically shy,
我从小就有社交恐惧症
and like at least 20 other people in a room of this size,
这样的空间 大约20人
I was a stutterer.
就能让以前的我结巴语塞
Do you dare raise your hand?
更别提举手了 根本不可能
And it sticks with us.
这种困扰如影随形
It really does stick with us,
你走到哪 它就跟到哪
because when we are treated that way,
当大家对你的存在视若无睹
we feel invisible sometimes,
你会开始感觉自己是隐形人
or talked around and at.
而别人都在你背后窃窃私语
And as I started to look at people,
后来我仔细去观察周遭的人
which is mostly all I did,
一直以来我都只敢默默观察
I noticed that some people really wanted attention
然后发现有些人无法忍受被忽视
and recognition.
他们要得到大家的注意力和认同
Remember, I was young then.
当时我年轻、懵懂
So what did they do? What we still do perhaps too often?
渴望注意力的人会做什么? 也许现在太多人在做一样的事而不自知
We talk about ourselves.
他们谈论的常常都是自己
And yet there are other people I observed who had what I called a mutuality mindset.
但另一批人就不同了 我说他们的人际关系 往往有一种“互相”的心态
In each situation, they found a way to talk about us and create that “us” idea.
无论什么场合 他们的谈话里都会出现“我们”这个概念
So my idea to reimagine the world is to see it one where we all become greater opportunity-makers with and for others.
在我心目中的理想世界 每个人都能为自己和别人创造机会
There’s no greater opportunity or call for action for us now
就是现在 我们必须把握良机、采取行动
than to become opportunity-makers who use best talents together more often for the greater good
多去整合各种才能 尽可能的利益他人
and accomplish things we couldn’t have done on our own.
一人做不到的 多人或许有办法
And I want to talk to you about that,
这就是我今天的重点
cause even more than giving,
比单纯给予
even more than giving,
施舍、捐赠更有影响力的
is the capacity for us to do something smarter together
就是人们学会集思广益
for the greater good that lifts us both up
共同合作 创造双赢局面
and that can scale.
其中的利益会一层层积累
That’s why I’m sitting here.
这是我今天演讲的重点
But I also want to point something else out.
不过我还想说一件事
Each one of you is better than anybody else at something.
台下的你必定在某些事上比其他人都拿手
That disproves that popular notion that if you’re the smartest person in the room,
和那句名言“你绝不是这里最厉害的人”
you’re in the wrong room.
恰恰相反
So let me tell you about a Hollywood party I went to a couple years back,
我在几年前的一个好莱坞聚会上
and I met this up-and-coming actress,
遇见了位有潜力的女演员
and we were soon talking about something that we both felt passionately about,
我们很快就找到共同话题-
public art.
公共艺术
And she had the fervent belief that every new building in Los Angeles
她坚信洛杉矶的每栋建筑里
should have public art in it. She wanted a regulation for it,
都应该有公共艺术 她想要一套专属公共艺术的规范
and she fervently started,
所以她兴忡忡的着手进行
What is here from Chicago?
这里有谁是芝加哥人吗?
She fervently started talking about these bean-shaped reflective sculptures in Millennium Park,
她滔滔不绝的说着千禧公园里的云门雕塑
and people would walk up to it
人们好奇的上前一探究竟
and they’d smile in the reflection of it,
看着自己的映像微笑
and they’d pose and they’d vamp and they’d take selfies together
摆pose、赞叹、自拍留念
and they’d laugh.
然后笑成一团
And as she was talking, a thought came to my mind.
听着听着 我突然灵光乍现
I said, “I know someone you ought to meet.
我告诉她: “妳应该见见这个人
He’s getting out of San Quentin in a couple of weeks
再几周他就要从圣昆丁州立监狱出来了
and he shares your fervent desire that art should engage and enable people to connect.”
他跟妳一样 觉得艺术应该让人有共鸣、激发想像力”
He spent five years in solitary,
他被单独监禁了五年
and I met him because I gave a speech at San Quentin,
我因为在圣昆丁演讲 而与他结识
and he’s articulate
他口条不错
and he’s rather easy on the eyes
长的也不赖
because he’s buff. He had workout regime he did everyday.
因为他是条热爱健身的汉子
I think she was following me at that point.
女演员大概还满有兴趣的
I said, “he’d be an une_pected ally.”
我又说: “他会是个得力助手”
And not just that. There’s James. He’s an architect
除了他之外 我把詹姆也拉进来 詹姆是建筑师
and he’s a professor,
也是个教授
and he loves place-making, and place-making is when you have those mini-plazas
他对地方营造很有兴趣 外头的小广场、
and those urban walkways
城市人行道
and where they’re dotted with art,
任何有艺术点缀的地方 都属于地方营造的范畴
where people draw and come up and talk sometimes.
许多人会在那儿画画、闲聊
I think they’d make good allies.
我想他们一定能合作无间
And indeed they were.
果真没错
They met together. They prepared.
他们碰面之后 就开始筹备
They spoke in front of the Lost Angeles City Council.
到洛杉矶市政府传达诉求
And the council members not only passed the regulation,
结果市议员通过了他们订的条例
half of them came down and asked to pose with them afterwards.
之后甚至半数议员还去与艺术品合影
They were startling, compelling and credible.
他们给人的印象是震慑、具说服力、可靠
You can’t buy that.
全都是用钱买不到的
What I’m asking you to consider is what kind of opportunity-makers we might become,
希望各位想想自己能成为哪种机会制造者
because more than wealth
比财富、
or fancy titles
头衔、
or a lot of contacts,
人脉更可观的
it’s our capacity to connect around each other’s better side and bring it out.
是我们发掘他人优点的能力
And I’m not saying this is easy,
这一点都不容易
and I’m sure many of you have made the wrong moves too about who you wanted to connect with,
相信许多人都有找错对象、牵错线的经验
but what I want to suggest is, this is an opportunity.
但毕竟都是个“机会”
I started thinking about it way back when I was a Wall Street Journal reporter and I was in Europe
这个领悟要从好几年前说起 当时我在欧洲 担任华尔街日报记者
and I was supposed to cover trends and trends that transcended business or politics or lifestyle.
采访内容为时尚与流行 跨越商业、政治、生活型态隔阂的流行
So I had to have contacts in different worlds very different than mine,
因此得和背景截然不同的人打交道
because otherwise you couldn’t spot the trends.
否则就无法掌握潮流走向
And third, I had to write a story in a way stepping into the reader’s shoes,
写故事时 还得设身处地为读者想
they could see how these trends could affect their lives.
要让他们觉得自己和这些潮流息息相关
That’s what opportunity-makers do.
这就是机会制造者的任务
And here’s a strange thing:
奇怪之处在于
Unlike an increasing number of Americans who are working and living and playing with people who think e_actly like them
越来越多人工作、生活、娱乐都喜欢寻找与自己相似的人
because we then become more rigid and e_treme,
久而久之就变得挑剔、极端起来
opportunity-makers are actively seeking situations with people unlike them,
机会制造者寻找与自己不相似的人
and they’re building relationships,
和他们建立关系
and because they do that,
这样做的话
they have trusted relationships where they can bring the right team in
两方之间就有互信 能在适当的时机介绍彼此适当的人
and recruit them to solve a problem better and faster and seize more opportunities.
用更快、更好的方法解决问题 同时也抓住了更多机会
They’re not affronted by differences.
机会创造者不会被歧异冒犯
They’re fascinated by them,
反而深受吸引
and that is a huge shift in mindset,
这是心态上的极端不同
and once you feel it, you want it to happen a lot more.
你一旦意识到 就会为它的魅力着迷
This world is calling out for us to have a collective mindset,
和别人形成“共同体”才是王道
and I believe in doing that.
我个人深信
It’s especially important now.
携手合作在这世代特别重要
Why is it important now?
为什么呢?
Because things can be devised like drones
机器小帮手
and drugs and data collection,
药物开发、数据收集
and they can be devised by more people.
都可以让更多人参与其中
and cheaper ways for beneficial purposes
用更经济的方式创造收益
and then, as we know from the news every day, they can be used for dangerous ones.
只是水能载舟 亦能复舟 也可能被有心人士利用
It calls on us, each of us, to a higher calling.
这个理念非常需要大家的重视
But here’s the icing on the cake:
成为机会制造者是一箭双雕
It’s not just the first opportunity that you do with somebody else that’s probably your greatest,
除了获得和更高竿对象合作的机会
as an institution or an individual.
无论对于机构或个人来说
It’s after you’ve had that e_perience and you trust each other.
都是开启了这扇门 建立信任后
It’s the une_pected things that you devise later on you never could have predicted.
团队合作带来的惊人成果
For e_ample, Marty is the husband of that actress I mentioned,
麦迪是那位女演员的丈夫
and he watched them when they were practicing,
詹姆等三人排练时 他就在旁边看
and he was soon talking to Wally, my friend the e_-con,
并很快和韦利聊开了 就是刚出狱的那位
about that e_ercise regime.
大概在聊健身吧?
And he thought, I have a set of racquetball courts.
麦迪心想: “我有个壁球馆
That guy could teach it. A lot of people who work there are members at my courts.
韦利可以来当教练 很多教练都是体育馆的会员
They’re frequent travelers.
他们很常来我这边
They could practice in their hotel room, no equipment provided.
旅馆房间里没有设备 也照样能练习”
That’s how Wally got hired.
韦利就这样得到了板球教练的工作
Not only that, years later he was also teaching racquetball.
几年后他也开始教壁球学生
Years after that, he was teaching the racquetball teachers.
再过了几年则是教壁球老师
What I’m suggesting is, when you connect with people
我想说的是 当你把周遭有相同兴趣、
around a shared interest and action,
喜好的人圈在一块
you’re accustomed to serendipitous things happening into the future,
就会逐渐适应随之而来、意想不到的收获
and I think that’s what we’re looking at.
我想这才是至关重要
We open ourselves up to those opportunities,
面对机会 我们敞开心胸
and in this room are key players and technology,
关键推手-这里的你们 再加上科技
key players who are uniquely positioned to do this,
每个人各司其职 有自己的位置
to scale systems and projects together.
提升制度和计划的整体价值
So here’s what I’m calling for you to do. Remember the three traits of opportunity-makers.
我想拜讬大家的 就是记得机会制造者的三项特质
Opportunity-makers keep honing their top strength
一、机会制造者不断磨练自己专长
and they become pattern seekers.
开拓事物运作的新方式
They get involved in different worlds than their worlds
二、他们乐于接触不同人的世界
so they’re trusted and they can see those patterns,
获取信任 学习各种合作方式
and they communicate to connect around sweet spots of shared interest.
三、他们周旋于各方之间 让参与的人都分一杯羹
So what I’m asking you is, the world is hungry.
我想说的是 人与人之间太缺乏连结
I truly believe, in my firsthand e_perience,
根据亲身经验 我相信
the world is hungry for us to unite together as opportunity-makers
这世界很需要机会制造者
and to emulate those behaviors as so many of you already do, I know that firsthand,
可能台下的你已经是其中之一 大家都应该效仿机会制造者
and to reimagine a world where we use our best talents together
重塑我们的世界 融合各领域人才
more often to accomplish greater thing together than we could on our own.
一人不能做的事 借由合作来完成
Just remember,
请把这句话放在心上
as Dave Liniger once said,
大卫˙林杰说过
“You can’t succeed coming to the potluck with only a fork.”
“只带一只叉子就来百乐餐的人 永远无法成功”(注: 后衍伸为商业成长需要集体合作、贡献)
Thank you very much.
谢谢大家
Thank you.
谢谢。
ted演讲稿2
one day in 1819, 3,000 miles off the coast of chile, in one of the most remote regions of the pacific ocean, 20 american sailors watched their ship flood with seawater.
1819年的某一天， 在距离智利海岸3000英里的地方， 有一个太平洋上的最偏远的水域， 20名美国船员目睹了他们的船只进水的场面。
they'd been struck by a sperm whale, which had ripped a catastrophic hole in the ship's hull. as their ship began to sink beneath the swells, the men huddled together in three small whaleboats.
他们和一头抹香鲸相撞，给船体撞了 一个毁灭性的大洞。 当船在巨浪中开始沉没时， 人们在三条救生小艇中抱作一团。
these men were 10,000 miles from home, more than 1,000 miles from the nearest scrap of land. in their small boats, they carried only rudimentary navigational equipment and limited supplies of food and water.
这些人在离家10000万英里的地方， 离最近的陆地也超过1000英里。 在他们的小艇中，他们只带了 落后的导航设备 和有限的食物和饮水。
these were the men of the whaleship esse_, whose story would later inspire parts of "moby dick."
他们就是捕鲸船esse_上的人们， 后来的他们的故事成为《白鲸记》的一部分。
even in today's world, their situation would be really dire, but think about how much worse it would have been then.
即使在当今的世界，碰上这种情况也够杯具的，更不用说在当时的情况有多糟糕。
no one on land had any idea that anything had gone wrong. no search party was coming to look for these men. so most of us have never e_perienced a situation as frightening as the one in which these sailors found themselves, but we all know what it's like to be afraid.
岸上的人根本就还没意识到出了什么问题。 没有任何人来搜寻他们。 我们当中大部分人没有经历过 这些船员所处的可怕情景， 但我们都知道害怕是什么感觉。
we know how fear feels, but i'm not sure we spend enough time thinking about what our fears mean.
我们知道恐惧的感觉， 但是我不能肯定我们会花很多时间想过 我们的恐惧到底意味着什么。
as we grow up, we're often encouraged to think of fear as a weakness, just another childish thing to discard like baby teeth or roller skates.
我们长大以后，我们总是会被鼓励把恐惧 视为软弱，需要像乳牙或轮滑鞋一样 扔掉的幼稚的东西。
and i think it's no accident that we think this way. neuroscientists have actually shown that human beings are hard-wired to be optimists.
我想意外事故并非我们所想的那样。 神经系统科学家已经知道人类 生来就是乐观主义者。
so maybe that's why we think of fear, sometimes, as a danger in and of itself. "don't worry," we like to say to one another. "don't panic." in english, fear is something we conquer. it's something we fight.
这也许就是为什么我们认为有时候恐惧， 本身就是一种危险或带来危险。 “不要愁。”我们总是对别人说。“不要慌”。 英语中，恐惧是我们需要征服的东西。 是我们必须对抗的东西，是我们必须克服的东西。
it's something we overcome. but what if we looked at fear in a fresh way? what if we thought of fear as an amazing act of the imagination, something that can be as profound and insightful as storytelling itself?
但是我们如果换个视角看恐惧会如何呢? 如果我们把恐惧当做是想象力的一个惊人成果， 是和我们讲故事一样 精妙而有见地的东西，又会如何呢?
it's easiest to see this link between fear and the imagination in young children, whose fears are often e_traordinarily vivid.
在小孩子当中，我们最容易看到恐惧与想象之间的联系， 他们的恐惧经常是超级生动的。
when i was a child, i lived in california, which is, you know, mostly a very nice place to live, but for me as a child, california could also be a little scary.
我小时候住在加利福尼亚， 你们都知道，是非常适合居住的位置， 但是对一个小孩来说，加利福尼亚也会有点吓人。
i remember how frightening it was to see the chandelier that hung above our dining table swing back and forth during every minor earthquake, and i sometimes couldn't sleep at night, terrified that the big one might strike while we were sleeping.
我记得每次小地震的时候 当我看到我们餐桌上的吊灯 晃来晃去的时候是多么的吓人， 我经常会彻夜难眠，担心大地震 会在我们睡觉的时候突然袭来。
and what we say about kids who have fears like that is that they have a vivid imagination. but at a certain point, most of us learn to leave these kinds of visions behind and grow up.
我们说小孩子感受到这种恐惧 是因为他们有生动的想象力。 但是在某个时候，我们大多数学会了 抛弃这种想法而变得成熟。
we learn that there are no monsters hiding under the bed, and not every earthquake brings buildings down. but maybe it's no coincidence that some of our most creative minds fail to leave these kinds of fears behind as adults.
我们都知道床下没有魔鬼， 也不是每个地震都会震垮房子。但是我们当中最有想象力的人们 并没有因为成年而抛弃这种恐惧，这也许并不是巧合。
the same incredible imaginations that produced "the origin of species," "jane eyre" and "the remembrance of things past," also generated intense worries that haunted the adult lives of charles darwin, charlotte bront?? and marcel proust. so the question is, what can the rest of us learn about fear from visionaries and young children?
同样不可思议的想象力创造了《物种起源》， 《简·爱》和《追忆似水年华》， 也就是这种与生俱来的深深的担忧一直缠绕着成年的 查尔斯·达尔文， 夏洛特·勃朗特和马塞尔·普罗斯特。 问题就来了， 我们其他人如何能从这些 梦想家和小孩子身上学会恐惧?
well let's return to the year 1819 for a moment, to the situation facing the crew of the whaleship esse_. let's take a look at the fears that their imaginations were generating as they drifted in the middle of the pacific.
让我们暂时回到1819年， 回到esse_捕鲸船的水手们面对的情况。 让我们看看他们漂流在太平洋中央时 他们的想象力给他们带来的恐惧感觉。
twenty-four hours had now passed since the capsizing of the ship. the time had come for the men to make a plan, but they had very few options.
船倾覆后已经过了24个小时。 这时人们制定了一个计划， 但是其实他们没什么太多的选择。
in his fascinating account of the disaster, nathaniel philbrick wrote that these men were just about as far from land as it was possible to be anywhere on earth.
在纳撒尼尔·菲尔布里克(nathaniel philbrick)描述这场灾难的 动人文章中，他写到“这些人离陆地如此之远， 似乎永远都不可能到达地球上的任何一块陆地。”
the men knew that the nearest islands they could reach were the marquesas islands, 1,200 miles away. but they'd heard some frightening rumors.
这些人知道离他们最近的岛 是1200英里以外的马克萨斯群岛(marquesas islands)。 但是他们听到了让人恐怖的谣言。
they'd been told that these islands, and several others nearby, were populated by cannibals. so the men pictured coming ashore only to be murdered and eaten for dinner. another possible destination was hawaii, but given the season, the captain was afraid they'd be struck by severe storms.
他们听说这些群岛， 以及附近的一些岛屿上都住着食人族。 所以他们脑中都是上岸以后就会被杀掉 被人当做盘中餐的画面。 另一个可行的目的地是夏威夷， 但是船长担心 他们会被困在风暴当中。
now the last option was the longest, and the most difficult: to sail 1,500 miles due south in hopes of reaching a certain band of winds that could eventually push them toward the coast of south america.
所以最后的选择是到最远，也是最艰险的地方： 往南走1500英里希望某股风 能最终把他们 吹到南美洲的海岸。
but they knew that the sheer length of this journey would stretch their supplies of food and water. to be eaten by cannibals, to be battered by storms, to starve to death before reaching land.
但是他们知道这个行程中一旦偏航 将会耗尽他们食物和饮水的供给。 被食人族吃掉，被风暴掀翻， 在登陆前饿死。
these were the fears that danced in the imaginations of these poor men, and as it turned out, the fear they chose to listen to would govern whether they lived or died.
这就是萦绕在这群可怜的人想象中的恐惧， 事实证明，他们选择听从的恐惧 将决定他们的生死。
now we might just as easily call these fears by a different name. what if instead of calling them fears, we called them stories?
也许我们可以很容易的用别的名称来称呼这些恐惧。 我们不称之为恐惧， 而是称它们为故事如何?
because that's really what fear is, if you think about it. it's a kind of unintentional storytelling that we are all born knowing how to do. and fears and storytelling have the same components.
如果你仔细想想，这是恐惧真正的意义。 这是一种与生俱来的， 无意识的讲故事的能力。 恐惧和讲故事有着同样的构成。
they have the same architecture. like all stories, fears have characters. in our fears, the characters are us. fears also have plots. they have beginnings and middles and ends. you board the plane.
他们有同样的结构。 如同所有的故事，恐惧中有角色。 在恐惧中，角色就是我们自己。 恐惧也有情节。他们有开头，有中间，有结尾。 你登上飞机。
the plane takes off. the engine fails. our fears also tend to contain imagery that can be every bit as vivid as what you might find in the pages of a novel. picture a cannibal, human teeth sinking into human skin, human flesh roasting over a fire.
飞机起飞。结果引擎故障。 我们的恐惧会包括各种生动的想象， 不比你看到的任何一个小说逊色。 想象食人族，人类牙齿 咬在人类皮肤上， 人肉在火上烤。
fears also have suspense. if i've done my job as a storyteller today, you should be wondering what happened to the men of the whaleship esse_. our fears provoke in us a very similar form of suspense.
恐惧中也有悬念。 如果我今天像讲故事一样，留个悬念不说了， 你们也许会很想知道 esse_捕鲸船上，人们到底怎么样了。 我们的恐惧用悬念一样的方式刺激我们。
just like all great stories, our fears focus our attention on a question that is as important in life as it is in literature: what will happen ne_t?
就像一个很好的故事，我们的恐惧也如同一部好的文学作品一样， 将我们的注意力集中在对我们生命至关重要的问题上： 后来发生了什么?
in other words, our fears make us think about the future. and humans, by the way, are the only creatures capable of thinking about the future in this way, of projecting ourselves forward in time, and this mental time travel is just one more thing that fears have in common with storytelling.
换而言之，我们的恐惧让我们想到未来。 另外，人来是唯一有能力 通过这种方式想到未来的生物， 就是预测时间推移后我们的状况， 这种精神上的时间旅行是恐惧 与讲故事的另一个共同点。
as a writer, i can tell you that a big part of writing fiction is learning to predict how one event in a story will affect all the other events, and fear works in that same way.
我是一个作家，我要告诉你们写小说一个很重要的部分 就是学会预测故事中一件 事情如何影响另一件事情， 恐惧也是同样这么做的。
in fear, just like in fiction, one thing always leads to another. when i was writing my first novel, "the age of miracles," i spent months trying to figure out what would happen if the rotation of the earth suddenly began to slow down. what would happen to our days?
恐惧中，如同小说一样，一件事情总是导致另一件事情。 我写我的第一部小说《奇迹时代》的时候， 我花了数月的时间想象如果地球旋转突然变慢了之后 会发生什么。 我们的一天变得如何?
what would happen to our crops? what would happen to our minds? and then it was only later that i realized how very similar these questions were to the ones i used to ask myself as a child frightened in the night.
我们身体会怎样? 我们的思想会有什么变化? 也就是在那之后，我意识到 我过去总是问自己的那些些问题 和孩子们在夜里害怕是多么的相像。
if an earthquake strikes tonight, i used to worry, what will happen to our house? what will happen to my family? and the answer to those questions always took the form of a story.
要是在过去，如果今晚发生地震，我会很担心， 我的房子会怎么样啊?家里人会怎样啊? 这类问题的答案通常都会和故事一样。
so if we think of our fears as more than just fears but as stories, we should think of ourselves as the authors of those stories. but just as importantly, we need to think of ourselves as the readers of our fears, and how we choose to read our fears can have a profound effect on our lives.
所以我们认为我们的恐惧不仅仅是恐惧 还是故事，我们应该把自己当作 这些故事的作者。 但是同样重要的是，我们需要想象我们自己 是我们恐惧的解读者，我们选择如何 去解读这些恐惧会对我们的生活产生深远的影响。
now, some of us naturally read our fears more closely than others. i read about a study recently of successful entrepreneurs, and the author found that these people shared a habit that he called "productive paranoia," which meant that these people, instead of dismissing their fears, these people read them closely, they studied them, and then they translated that fear into preparation and action.
现在，我们中有些人比其他人更自然的解读自己的恐惧。 最近我看过一个关于成功的企业家的研究， 作者发现这些人都有个习惯 叫做“未雨绸缪“， 意思是，这些人，不回避自己的恐惧， 而是认真解读并研究恐惧， 然后把恐惧转换成准备和行动。
so that way, if their worst fears came true, their businesses were ready.
这样，如果最坏的事情发生了， 他们的企业也有所准备。
and sometimes, of course, our worst fears do come true. that's one of the things that is so e_traordinary about fear. once in a while, our fears can predict the future.
当然，很多时候，最坏的事情确实发生了。 这是恐惧非凡的一面。 曾几何时，我们的恐惧预测将来。
but we can't possibly prepare for all of the fears that our imaginations concoct. so how can we tell the difference between the fears worth listening to and all the others? i think the end of the story of the whaleship esse_ offers an illuminating, if tragic, e_ample.
但是我们不可能为我们想象力构建的所有 恐惧来做准备。 所以，如何区分值得听从的恐惧 和不值得的呢? 我想捕鲸船esse_的故事结局 提供了一个有启发性，同时又悲惨的例子。
after much deliberation, the men finally made a decision. terrified of cannibals, they decided to forgo the closest islands and instead embarked on the longer and much more difficult route to south america.
经过数次权衡，他们最终做出了决定。 由于害怕食人族，他们决定放弃最近的群岛 而是开始更长 更艰难的南美洲之旅。
after more than two months at sea, the men ran out of food as they knew they might, and they were still quite far from land. when the last of the survivors were finally picked up by two passing ships, less than half of the men were left alive, and some of them had resorted to their own form of cannibalism.
在海上呆了两个多月后，他们 的食物如预料之中消耗殆尽， 而且他们仍然离陆地那么远。 当最后的幸存者最终被过往船只救起时， 只有一小半的人还活着， 实际上他们中的一些人自己变成了食人族。
herman melville, who used this story as research for "moby dick," wrote years later, and from dry land, quote, "all the sufferings of these miserable men of the esse_ might in all human probability have been avoided had they, immediately after leaving the wreck, steered straight for tahiti.
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(herman melville)将这个故事作为 《白鲸记》的素材，在数年后写到： esse_船上遇难者的悲惨结局 或许是可以通过人为的努力避免的， 如果他们当机立断地离开沉船， 直奔塔西提群岛。
but," as melville put it, "they dreaded cannibals." so the question is, why did these men dread cannibals so much more than the e_treme likelihood of starvation?
“但是”，梅尔维尔说道：“他们害怕食人族” 问题是，为什么这些人对于食人族的恐惧 超过了更有可能的饥饿威胁呢?
why were they swayed by one story so much more than the other? looked at from this angle, theirs becomes a story about reading. the novelist vladimir nabokov said that the best reader has a combination of two very different temperaments, the artistic and the scientific.
为什么他们会被一个故事 影响如此之大呢? 从另一个角度来看， 这是一个关于解读的故事。 小说家弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫(vladimir nabokov)说 最好的读者能把两种截然不同的性格结合起来， 一个是艺术气质，一个是科学精神。
a good reader has an artist's passion, a willingness to get caught up in the story, but just as importantly, the readers also needs the coolness of judgment of a scientist, which acts to temper and complicate the reader's intuitive reactions to the story. as we've seen, the men of the esse_ had no trouble with the artistic part.
好的读者有艺术家的热情， 愿意融入故事当中， 但是同样重要的是，这些读者还要 有科学家的冷静判断， 这能帮助他们稳定情绪并分析 其对故事的直觉反应。 我们可以看出来，esse_上的人在艺术部分一点问题都没有。
they dreamed up a variety of horrifying scenarios. the problem was that they listened to the wrong story. of all the narratives their fears wrote, they responded only to the most lurid, the most vivid, the one that was easiest for their imaginations to picture: cannibals.
他们梦想到一系列恐怖的场景。 问题在于他们听从了一个错误的故事。 所有他们恐惧中 他们只对其中最耸人听闻，最生动的故事， 也是他们想象中最早出现的场景： 食人族。
but perhaps if they'd been able to read their fears more like a scientist, with more coolness of judgment, they would have listened instead to the less violent but the more likely tale, the story of starvation, and headed for tahiti, just as melville's sad commentary suggests.
也许，如果他们能像科学家那样 稍微冷静一点解读这个故事， 如果他们能听从不太惊悚但是更可能发生的 半路饿死的故事，他们可能就会直奔塔西提群岛， 如梅尔维尔充满惋惜的评论所建议的那样。
and maybe if we all tried to read our fears, we too would be less often swayed by the most salacious among them.
也许如果我们都试着解读自己的恐惧， 我们就能少被 其中的一些幻象所迷惑。
maybe then we'd spend less time worrying about serial killers and plane crashes, and more time concerned with the subtler and slower disasters we face: the silent buildup of plaque in our arteries, the gradual changes in our climate.
我们也就能少花一点时间在 为系列杀手或者飞机失事方面的担忧， 而是更多的关心那些悄然而至 的灾难： 动脉血小板的逐渐堆积， 气候的逐渐变迁。
just as the most nuanced stories in literature are often the richest, so too might our subtlest fears be the truest. read in the right way, our fears are an amazing gift of the imagination, a kind of everyday clairvoyance, a way of glimpsing what might be the future when there's still time to influence how that future will play out.
如同文学中最精妙的故事通常是最丰富的故事， 我们最细微的恐惧才是最真实的恐惧。 用正确的方法的解读，我们的恐惧就是我们想象力 赐给我们的礼物，借此一双慧眼， 让我们能管窥未来 甚至影响未来。
properly read, our fears can offer us something as precious as our favorite works of literature: a little wisdom, a bit of insight and a version of that most elusive thing -- the truth. thank you.
如果能得到正确的解读，我们的恐惧能 和我们最喜欢的文学作品一样给我们珍贵的东西： 一点点智慧，一点点洞悉 以及对最玄妙东西—— 真相的诠释。 谢谢。
(applause)
(掌声)
ted演讲稿3
over the ne_t five minutes, my intention is to transform your relationship with sound. let me start with the observation that most of the sound around us is accidental, and much of it is unpleasant. (traffic noise) we stand on street corners, shouting over noise like this, and pretending that it doesn't e_ist. well, this habit of suppressing sound has meant that our relationship with sound has become largely unconscious.
there are four major ways sound is affecting you all the time, and i'd like to raise them in your consciousness today. first is physiological. (loud alarm clocks) sorry about that. i've just given you a shot of cortisol, your fight/flight hormone. sounds are affecting your hormone secretions all the time, but also your breathing, your heart rate -- which i just also did -- and your brainwaves.
it's not just unpleasant sounds like that that do it. this is surf. (ocean waves) it has the frequency of roughly 12 cycles per minute. most people find that very soothing, and, interestingly, 12 cycles per minute is roughly the frequency of the breathing of a sleeping human. there is a deep resonance with being at rest. we also associate it with being stress-free and on holiday.
the second way in which sound affects you is psychological. music is the most powerful form of sound that we know that affects our emotional state. (albinoni's adagio) this is guaranteed to make most of you feel pretty sad if i leave it on. music is not the only kind of sound, however, which affects your emotions.
natural sound can do that too. birdsong, for e_ample, is a sound which most people find reassuring. (birds chirping) there is a reason for that. over hundreds of thousands of years we've learned that when the birds are singing, things are safe. it's when they stop you need to be worried.
the third way in which sound affects you is cognitively. you can't understand two people talking at once ("if you're listening to this version of") ("me you're on the wrong track.") or in this case one person talking twice. try and listen to the other one. ("you have to choose which me you're going to listen to.")
we have a very small amount of bandwidth for processing auditory input, which is why noise like this -- (office noise) -- is e_tremely damaging for productivity. if you have to work in an open-plan office like this, your productivity is greatly reduced. and whatever number you're thinking of, it probably isn't as bad as this. (ominous music) you are one third as productive in open-plan offices as in quiet rooms. and i have a tip for you. if you have to work in spaces like that, carry headphones with you, with a soothing sound like birdsong. put them on and your productivity goes back up to triple what it would be.
the fourth way in which sound affects us is behaviorally. with all that other stuff going on, it would be amazing if our behavior didn't change. (techno music inside a car) so, ask yourself: is this person ever going to drive at a steady 28 miles per hour? i don't think so. at the simplest, you move away from unpleasant sound and towards pleasant sounds. so if i were to play this -- (jackhammer) -- for more than a few seconds, you'd feel uncomfortable; for more than a few minutes, you'd be leaving the room in droves. for people who can't get away from noise like that, it's e_tremely damaging for their health.
and that's not the only thing that bad sound damages. most retail sound is inappropriate and accidental, and even hostile, and it has a dramatic effect on sales. for those of you who are retailers, you may want to look away before i show this slide. they are losing up to 30 percent of their business with people leaving shops faster, or just turning around on the door. we all have done it, leaving the area because the sound in there is so dreadful.
i want to spend just a moment talking about the model that we've developed, which allows us to start at the top and look at the drivers of sound, analyze the soundscape and then predict the four outcomes i've just talked about. or start at the bottom, and say what outcomes do we want, and then design a soundscape to have a desired effect. at last we've got some science we can apply. and we're in the business of designing soundscapes.
just a word on music. music is the most powerful sound there is, often inappropriately deployed. it's powerful for two reasons. you recognize it fast, and you associate it very powerfully. i'll give you two e_amples. (first chord of the beatles' "a hard day's night") most of you recognize that immediately. the younger, maybe not. (laughter) (first two notes of "jaws" theme) and most of you associate that with something! now, those are one-second samples of music. music is very powerful. and unfortunately it's veneering commercial spaces, often inappropriately. i hope that's going to change over the ne_t few years.
let me just talk about brands for a moment, because some of you run brands. every brand is out there making sound right now. there are eight e_pressions of a brand in sound. they are all important. and every brand needs to have guidelines at the center. i'm glad to say that is starting to happen now. (intel ad jingle) you all recognize that one. (nokia ringtone) this is the most-played tune in the world today. 1.8 billion times a day, that tune is played. and it cost nokia absolutely nothing.
just leave you with four golden rules, for those of you who run businesses, for commercial sound. first, make it congruent, pointing in the same direction as your visual communication. that increases impact by over 1,100 percent. if your sound is pointing the opposite direction, incongruent, you reduce impact by 86 percent. that's an order of magnitude, up or down. this is important. secondly, make it appropriate to the situation. thirdly, make it valuable. give people something with the sound. don't just bombard them with stuff. and, finally, test and test it again. sound is comple_. there are many countervailing influences. it can be a bit like a bowl of spaghetti: sometimes you just have to eat it and see what happens.
so i hope this talk has raised sound in your consciousness. if you're listening consciously, you can take control of the sound around you. it's good for your health. it's good for your productivity. if we all do that we move to a state that i like to think will be sound living in the world. i'm going to leave you with a little bit more birdsong. (birds chirping) i recommend at least five minutes a day, but there is no ma_imum dose. thank you for lending me your ears today. (applause)
ted演讲稿4
my subject today is learning. and in that spirit, i want to spring on you all a pop quiz. ready? when does learning begin? now as you ponder that question, maybe you're thinking about the first day of preschool or kindergarten, the first time that kids are in a classroom with a teacher. or maybe you've called to mind the toddler phase when children are learning how to walk and talk and use a fork. maybe you've encountered the zero-to-three movement, which asserts that the most important years for learning are the earliest ones. and so your answer to my question would be: learning begins at birth.
well today i want to present to you an idea that may be surprising and may even seem implausible, but which is supported by the latest evidence from psychology and biology. and that is that some of the most important learning we ever do happens before we're born, while we're still in the womb. now i'm a science reporter. i write books and magazine articles. and i'm also a mother. and those two roles came together for me in a book that i wrote called "origins." "origins" is a report from the front lines of an e_citing new field called fetal origins. fetal origins is a scientific discipline that emerged just about two decades ago, and it's based on the theory that our health and well-being throughout our lives is crucially affected by the nine months we spend in the womb. now this theory was of more than just intellectual interest to me. i was myself pregnant while i was doing the research for the book. and one of the most fascinating insights i took from this work is that we're all learning about the world even before we enter it.
when we hold our babies for the first time, we might imagine that they're clean slates, unmarked by life, when in fact, they've already been shaped by us and by the particular world we live in. today i want to share with you some of the amazing things that scientists are discovering about what fetuses learn while they're still in their mothers' bellies.
first of all, they learn the sound of their mothers' voices. because sounds from the outside world have to travel through the mother's abdominal tissue and through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus, the voices fetuses hear, starting around the fourth month of gestation, are muted and muffled. one researcher says that they probably sound a lot like the the voice of charlie brown's teacher in the old "peanuts" cartoon. but the pregnant woman's own voice reverberates through her body, reaching the fetus much more readily. and because the fetus is with her all the time, it hears her voice a lot. once the baby's born, it recognizes her voice and it prefers listening to her voice over anyone else's.
how can we know this? newborn babies can't do much, but one thing they're really good at is sucking. researchers take advantage of this fact by rigging up two rubber nipples, so that if a baby sucks on one, it hears a recording of its mother's voice on a pair of headphones, and if it sucks on the other nipple, it hears a recording of a female stranger's voice. babies quickly show their preference by choosing the first one. scientists also take advantage of the fact that babies will slow down their sucking when something interests them and resume their fast sucking when they get bored. this is how researchers discovered that, after women repeatedly read aloud a section of dr. seuss' "the cat in the hat" while they were pregnant, their newborn babies recognized that passage when they hear it outside the womb. my favorite e_periment of this kind is the one that showed that the babies of women who watched a certain soap opera every day during pregnancy recognized the theme song of that show once they were born. so fetuses are even learning about the particular language that's spoken in the world that they'll be born into.
a study published last year found that from birth, from the moment of birth, babies cry in the accent of their mother's native language. french babies cry on a rising note while german babies end on a falling note, imitating the melodic contours of those languages. now why would this kind of fetal learning be useful? it may have evolved to aid the baby's survival. from the moment of birth, the baby responds most to the voice of the person who is most likely to care for it -- its mother. it even makes its cries sound like the mother's language, which may further endear the baby to the mother, and which may give the baby a head start in the critical task of learning how to understand and speak its native language.
but it's not just sounds that fetuses are learning about in utero. it's also tastes and smells. by seven months of gestation, the fetus' taste buds are fully developed, and its olfactory receptors, which allow it to smell, are functioning. the flavors of the food a pregnant woman eats find their way into the amniotic fluid, which is continuously swallowed by the fetus. babies seem to remember and prefer these tastes once they're out in the world. in one e_periment, a group of pregnant women was asked to drink a lot of carrot juice during their third trimester of pregnancy, while another group of pregnant women drank only water. si_ months later, the women's infants were offered cereal mi_ed with carrot juice, and their facial e_pressions were observed while they ate it. the offspring of the carrot juice drinking women ate more carrot-flavored cereal, and from the looks of it, they seemed to enjoy it more.
a sort of french version of this e_periment was carried out in dijon, france where researchers found that mothers who consumed food and drink flavored with licorice-flavored anise during pregnancy showed a preference for anise on their first day of life, and again, when they were tested later, on their fourth day of life. babies whose mothers did not eat anise during pregnancy showed a reaction that translated roughly as "yuck." what this means is that fetuses are effectively being taught by their mothers about what is safe and good to eat. fetuses are also being taught about the particular culture that they'll be joining through one of culture's most powerful e_pressions, which is food. they're being introduced to the characteristic flavors and spices of their culture's cuisine even before birth.
now it turns out that fetuses are learning even bigger lessons. but before i get to that, i want to address something that you may be wondering about. the notion of fetal learning may conjure up for you attempts to enrich the fetus -- like playing mozart through headphones placed on a pregnant belly. but actually, the nine-month-long process of molding and shaping that goes on in the womb is a lot more visceral and consequential than that. much of what a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life -- the air she breathes, the food and drink she consumes, the chemicals she's e_posed to, even the emotions she feels -- are shared in some fashion with her fetus. they make up a mi_ of influences as individual and idiosyncratic as the woman herself. the fetus incorporates these offerings into its own body, makes them part of its flesh and blood. and often it does something more. it treats these maternal contributions as information, as what i like to call biological postcards from the world outside.
so what a fetus is learning about in utero is not mozart's "magic flute" but answers to questions much more critical to its survival. will it be born into a world of abundance or scarcity? will it be safe and protected, or will it face constant dangers and threats? will it live a long, fruitful life or a short, harried one? the pregnant woman's diet and stress level in particular provide important clues to prevailing conditions like a finger lifted to the wind. the resulting tuning and tweaking of a fetus' brain and other organs are part of what give us humans our enormous fle_ibility, our ability to thrive in a huge variety of environments, from the country to the city, from the tundra to the desert.
to conclude, i want to tell you two stories about how mothers teach their children about the world even before they're born. in the autumn of 1944, the darkest days of world war ii, german troops blockaded western holland, turning away all shipments of food. the opening of the nazi's siege was followed by one of the harshest winters in decades -- so cold the water in the canals froze solid. soon food became scarce, with many dutch surviving on just 500 calories a day -- a quarter of what they consumed before the war. as weeks of deprivation stretched into months, some resorted to eating tulip bulbs. by the beginning of may, the nation's carefully rationed food reserve was completely e_hausted. the specter of mass starvation loomed. and then on may 5th, 1945, the siege came to a sudden end when holland was liberated by the allies.
the "hunger winter," as it came to be known, killed some 10,000 people and weakened thousands more. but there was another population that was affected -- the 40,000 fetuses in utero during the siege. some of the effects of malnutrition during pregnancy were immediately apparent in higher rates of stillbirths, birth defects, low birth weights and infant mortality. but others wouldn't be discovered for many years. decades after the "hunger winter," researchers documented that people whose mothers were pregnant during the siege have more obesity, more diabetes and more heart disease in later life than individuals who were gestated under normal conditions. these individuals' prenatal e_perience of starvation seems to have changed their bodies in myriad ways. they have higher blood pressure, poorer cholesterol profiles and reduced glucose tolerance -- a precursor of diabetes.
why would undernutrition in the womb result in disease later? one e_planation is that fetuses are making the best of a bad situation. when food is scarce, they divert nutrients towards the really critical organ, the brain, and away from other organs like the heart and liver. this keeps the fetus alive in the short-term, but the bill comes due later on in life when those other organs, deprived early on, become more susceptible to disease.
but that may not be all that's going on. it seems that fetuses are taking cues from the intrauterine environment and tailoring their physiology accordingly. they're preparing themselves for the kind of world they will encounter on the other side of the womb. the fetus adjusts its metabolism and other physiological processes in anticipation of the environment that awaits it. and the basis of the fetus' prediction is what its mother eats. the meals a pregnant woman consumes constitute a kind of story, a fairy tale of abundance or a grim chronicle of deprivation. this story imparts information that the fetus uses to organize its body and its systems -- an adaptation to prevailing circumstances that facilitates its future survival. faced with severely limited resources, a smaller-sized child with reduced energy requirements will, in fact, have a better chance of living to adulthood.
the real trouble comes when pregnant women are, in a sense, unreliable narrators, when fetuses are led to e_pect a world of scarcity and are born instead into a world of plenty. this is what happened to the children of the dutch "hunger winter." and their higher rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease are the result. bodies that were built to hang onto every calorie found themselves swimming in the superfluous calories of the post-war western diet. the world they had learned about while in utero was not the same as the world into which they were born.
here's another story. at 8:46 a.m. on september 11th, __, there were tens of thousands of people in the vicinity of the world trade center in new york -- commuters spilling off trains, waitresses setting tables for the morning rush, brokers already working the phones on wall street. 1,700 of these people were pregnant women. when the planes struck and the towers collapsed, many of these women e_perienced the same horrors inflicted on other survivors of the disaster -- the overwhelming chaos and confusion, the rolling clouds of potentially to_ic dust and debris, the heart-pounding fear for their lives.
about a year after 9/11, researchers e_amined a group of women who were pregnant when they were e_posed to the world trade center attack. in the babies of those women who developed post-traumatic stress syndrome, or ptsd, following their ordeal, researchers discovered a biological marker of susceptibility to ptsd -- an effect that was most pronounced in infants whose mothers e_perienced the catastrophe in their third trimester. in other words, the mothers with post-traumatic stress syndrome had passed on a vulnerability to the condition to their children while they were still in utero.
now consider this: post-traumatic stress syndrome appears to be a reaction to stress gone very wrong, causing its victims tremendous unnecessary suffering. but there's another way of thinking about ptsd. what looks like pathology to us may actually be a useful adaptation in some circumstances. in a particularly dangerous environment, the characteristic manifestations of ptsd -- a hyper-awareness of one's surroundings, a quick-trigger response to danger -- could save someone's life. the notion that the prenatal transmission of ptsd risk is adaptive is still speculative, but i find it rather poignant. it would mean that, even before birth, mothers are warning their children that it's a wild world out there, telling them, "be careful."
let me be clear. fetal origins research is not about blaming women for what happens during pregnancy. it's about discovering how best to promote the health and well-being of the ne_t generation. that important effort must include a focus on what fetuses learn during the nine months they spend in the womb. learning is one of life's most essential activities, and it begins much earlier than we ever imagined.
thank you.
ted演讲稿5
压力大，怎么办?压力会让你心跳加速、呼吸加快、额头冒汗!当压力成为全民健康公敌时，有研究显示只有当你与压力为敌时，它才会危害你的健康。心理学家kelly mcgonigal 从积极的一面分析压力，教你如何使压力变成你的朋友!
stress. it makes your heart pound, your breathing quicken and your forehead sweat. but while stress has been made into a public health enemy, new research suggests that stress may only be bad for you if you believe that to be the case. psychologist kelly mcgonigal urges us to see stress as a positive, and introduces us to an unsung mechanism for stress reduction: reaching out to others.
kelly mcgonigal translates academic research into practical strategies for health, happiness and personal success.
why you should listen to her：
stanford university psychologist kelly mcgonigal is a leader in the growing field of “science-help.” through books, articles, courses and workshops, mcgonigal works to help us understand and implement the latest scientific findings in psychology, neuroscience and medicine.
straddling the worlds of research and practice, mcgonigal holds positions in both the stanford graduate school of business and the school of medicine. her most recent book, the willpower instinct, e_plores the latest research on motivation, temptation and procrastination, as well as what it takes to transform habits, persevere at challenges and make a successful change.
she is now researching a new book about the "upside of stress," which will look at both why stress is good for us, and what makes us good at stress. in her words: "the old understanding of stress as a unhelpful relic of our animal instincts is being replaced by the understanding that stress actually makes us socially smart -- it's what allows us to be fully human."
i have a confession to make, but first, i want you to make a little confession to me. in the past year, i want you to just raise your hand
if you've e_perienced relatively little stress. anyone?
how about a moderate amount of stress?
who has e_perienced a lot of stress? yeah. me too.
but that is not my confession. my confession is this: i am a health psychologist, and my mission is to help people be happier and healthier. but i fear that something i've been teaching for the last 10 years is doing more harm than good, and it has to do with stress. for years i've been telling people, stress makes you sick. it increases the risk of everything from the common cold to cardiovascular disease. basically, i've turned stress into the enemy. but i have changed my mind about stress, and today, i want to change yours.
let me start with the study that made me rethink my whole approach to stress. this study tracked 30,000 adults in the united states for eight years, and they started by asking people, "how much stress have you e_perienced in the last year?" they also asked, "do you believe that stress is harmful for your health?" and then they used public death records to find out who died.
(laughter)
okay. some bad news first. people who e_perienced a lot of stress in the previous year had a 43 percent increased risk of dying. but that was only true for the people who also believed that stress is harmful for your health. (laughter) people who e_perienced a lot of stress but did not view stress as harmful were no more likely to die. in fact, they had the lowest risk of dying of anyone in the study, including people who had relatively little stress.
now the researchers estimated that over the eight years they were tracking deaths, 182,000 americans died prematurely, not from stress, but from the belief that stress is bad for you. (laughter) that is over 20,000 deaths a year. now, if that estimate is correct, that would make believing stress is bad for you the 15th largest cause of death in the united states last year, killing more people than skin cancer, hiv/aids and homicide.
(laughter)
you can see why this study freaked me out. here i've been spending so much energy telling people stress is bad for your health.
so this study got me wondering: can changing how you think about stress make you healthier? and here the science says yes. when you change your mind about stress, you can change your body's response to stress.
now to e_plain how this works, i want you all to pretend that you are participants in a study designed to stress you out. it's called the social stress test. you come into the laboratory, and you're told you have to give a five-minute impromptu speech on your personal weaknesses to a panel of e_pert evaluators sitting right in front of you, and to make sure you feel the pressure, there are bright lights and a camera in your face, kind of like this. and the evaluators have been trained to give you discouraging, non-verbal feedback like this.
(laughter)
now that you're sufficiently demoralized, time for part two: a math test. and unbeknownst to you, the e_perimenter has been trained to harass you during it. now we're going to all do this together. it's going to be fun. for me.
okay. i want you all to count backwards from 996 in increments of seven. you're going to do this out loud as fast as you can, starting with 996. go! audience: (counting) go faster. faster please. you're going too slow. stop. stop, stop, stop. that guy made a mistake. we are going to have to start all over again. (laughter) you're not very good at this, are you? okay, so you get the idea. now, if you were actually in this study, you'd probably be a little stressed out. your heart might be pounding, you might be breathing faster, maybe breaking out into a sweat. and normally, we interpret these physical changes as an_iety or signs that we aren't coping very well with the pressure.
but what if you viewed them instead as signs that your body was energized, was preparing you to meet this challenge? now that is e_actly what participants were told in a study conducted at harvard university. before they went through the social stress test, they were taught to rethink their stress response as helpful. that pounding heart is preparing you for action. if you're breathing faster, it's no problem. it's getting more o_ygen to your brain. and participants who learned to view the stress response as helpful for their performance, well, they were less stressed out, less an_ious, more confident, but the most fascinating finding to me was how their physical stress response changed. now, in a typical stress response, your heart rate goes up, and your blood vessels constrict like this. and this is one of the reasons that chronic stress is sometimes associated with cardiovascular disease. it's not really healthy to be in this state all the time. but in the study, when participants viewed their stress response as helpful, their blood vessels stayed rela_ed like this. their heart was still pounding, but this is a much healthier cardiovascular profile. it actually looks a lot like what happens in moments of joy and courage. over a lifetime of stressful e_periences, this one biological change could be the difference between a stress-induced heart attack at age 50 and living well into your 90s. and this is really what the new science of stress reveals, that how you think about stress matters.
so my goal as a health psychologist has changed. i no longer want to get rid of your stress. i want to make you better at stress. and we just did a little intervention. if you raised your hand and said you'd had a lot of stress in the last year, we could have saved your life, because hopefully the ne_t time your heart is pounding from stress, you're going to remember this talk and you're going to think to yourself, this is my body helping me rise to this challenge. and when you view stress in that way, your body believes you, and your stress response becomes healthier.
now i said i have over a decade of demonizing stress to redeem myself from, so we are going to do one more intervention. i want to tell you about one of the most under-appreciated aspects of the stress response, and the idea is this: stress makes you social.
to understand this side of stress, we need to talk about a hormone, o_ytocin, and i know o_ytocin has already gotten as much hype as a hormone can get. it even has its own cute nickname, the cuddle hormone, because it's released when you hug someone. but this is a very small part of what o_ytocin is involved in. o_ytocin is a neuro-hormone. it fine-tunes your brain's social instincts. it primes you to do things that strengthen close relationships. o_ytocin makes you crave physical contact with your friends and family. it enhances your empathy. it even makes you more willing to help and support the people you care about. some people have even suggested we should snort o_ytocin to become more compassionate and caring. but here's what most people don't understand about o_ytocin. it's a stress hormone. your pituitary gland pumps this stuff out as part of the stress response. it's as much a part of your stress response as the adrenaline that makes your heart pound. and when o_ytocin is released in the stress response, it is motivating you to seek support. your biological stress response is nudging you to tell someone how you feel instead of bottling it up. your stress response wants to make sure you notice when someone else in your life is struggling so that you can support each other. when life is difficult, your stress response wants you to be surrounded by people who care about you.
okay, so how is knowing this side of stress going to make you healthier? well, o_ytocin doesn't only act on your brain. it also acts on your body, and one of its main roles in your body is to protect your cardiovascular system from the effects of stress. it's a natural anti-inflammatory. it also helps your blood vessels stay rela_ed during stress. but my favorite effect on the body is actually on the heart. your heart has receptors for this hormone, and o_ytocin helps heart cells regenerate and heal from any stress-induced damage. this stress hormone strengthens your heart, and the cool thing is that all of these physical benefits of o_ytocin are enhanced by social contact and social support, so when you reach out to others under stress, either to seek support or to help someone else, you release more of this hormone, your stress response becomes healthier, and you actually recover faster from stress. i find this amazing, that your stress response has a built-in mechanism for stress resilience, and that mechanism is human connection.
i want to finish by telling you about one more study. and listen up, because this study could also save a life. this study tracked about 1,000 adults in the united states, and they ranged in age from 34 to 93, and they started the study by asking, "how much stress have you e_perienced in the last year?" they also asked, "how much time have you spent helping out friends, neighbors, people in your community?" and then they used public records for the ne_t five years to find out who died.
okay, so the bad news first: for every major stressful life e_perience, like financial difficulties or family crisis, that increased the risk of dying by 30 percent. but -- and i hope you are e_pecting a but by now -- but that wasn't true for everyone. people who spent time caring for others showed absolutely no stress-related increase in dying. zero. caring created resilience. and so we see once again that the harmful effects of stress on your health are not inevitable. how you think and how you act can transform your e_perience of stress. when you choose to view your stress response as helpful, you create the biology of courage. and when you choose to connect with others under stress, you can create resilience. now i wouldn't necessarily ask for more stressful e_periences in my life, but this science has given me a whole new appreciation for stress. stress gives us access to our hearts. the compassionate heart that finds joy and meaning in connecting with others, and yes, your pounding physical heart, working so hard to give you strength and energy, and when you choose to view stress in this way, you're not just getting better at stress, you're actually making a pretty profound statement. you're saying that you can trust yourself to handle life's challenges, and you're remembering that you don't have to face them alone.
thank you.
(applause)
chris anderson: this is kind of amazing, what you're telling us. it seems amazing to me that a belief about stress can make so much difference to someone's life e_pectancy. how would that e_tend to advice, like, if someone is making a lifestyle choice between, say, a stressful job and a non-stressful job, does it matter which way they go? it's equally wise to go for the stressful job so long as you believe that you can handle it, in some sense?
kelly mcgonigal: yeah, and one thing we know for certain is that chasing meaning is better for your health than trying to avoid discomfort. and so i would say that's really the best way to make decisions, is go after what it is that creates meaning in your life and then trust yourself to handle the stress that follows.
ca: thank you so much, kelly. it's pretty cool. km: thank you.
(applause)
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