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关于英语语法句子种类(2)

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关于英语语法句子种类

  关于英语语法句子种类2

  只有一个主语 (或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫简单句。

  1.根据句子的结构,简单句可分为5种:

  (1)S+V

  (2)S+V+O

  (3)S+V+P

  (4)S+V+InO+DO

  (5)S+V+O+C

  此外,还有 there be句型,这一句型具有就近原则,也即谓语动词用单数还是复数要看接近于be动词的那个名词。

  2.根据句子的功能,简单句可分为4类:

  陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句

  (一)陈述句

  1.肯定式

  2.否定式

  (1)加not构成的否定句

  (2)由no, hardly, never, nobody, nothing等构成的否定句。

  其中两者的全部否定用 neither或nor,部分否定用both +not.

  如: Neither of them knows French.

  Both of them don't know French.

  三者或三者以上的全部否定用 none, nothing, nobody, no one等,部分否定用all, many, every加not构成

  如: None of these answers are right.All these books are not mine.

  (3)在某些句子中,按语意应放在that从句中的否定词not被移前到主句的谓语动词中,这种否定提前的情况用于think, believe, suppose等动词,如:I don't believe it will be very cold tomorrow.

  (二)疑问句

  按结构可分为四种

  1.一般疑问句:

  (1)用Yes,No来回答的疑问句。

  (2)往往把be,助动词,情态动词置于句首。

  (3)在一般疑问句中,如果提问人对答案没有肯定或否定的意向,句中常用非肯定词,如:

  Is there anything wrong with your car?

  如果提问人对答案有肯定的意向,即希望得到肯定的回答,则在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词,如: Would you like some drink?因此,在招待客人或向人表示乐意提供帮助时,通常用some代替any。

  2.特殊疑问句:

  用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子,不用Yes,No回答。

  (1)疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰这三种成份时,用疑问词+一般疑问句,

  如: When will you go?

  (2)疑问词作主语或主语的定语时,与陈述句的顺序相同,

  如:

  Whose father works in Shanghai?

  Who is on duty today?

  3.反意疑问句

  (1)构成:陈述句 + 简略问句

  肯定    否定

  否定    肯定

  简略问句的主语与陈述句保持一致,只能用人称代词 (there除外),简略问句的谓语动词也与陈述句保持一致,如果是否定,一定要用简写。如:

  Jim isn't a student, is he?/There are some books in it, aren't there?

  (2)陈述部分I'm...结构,疑问部分一般用aren't I,如:

  I'm late, aren't I?

  (3)陈述句中有little, few, no, never, nothing, nobody, hardly等词表示否定时,简略问句用肯定。

  (4)陈述句中有指物的不定代词nothing, something, anything时,简短问句中用代词it,陈述句中有指人的不定代词everyone, no one, someone, everybody, nobody, anybody时,简短问句中用代词he或they,如:Everyone is here, aren't they/isn't he?

  (5)陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that等时,疑问部分的主语在形式上与前者不同,但在逻辑上却与前者一致,如:This is very important, isn't it?

  (6)陈述部分如果是“I (don't) think (believe, suppose...)+宾语从句”时,疑问部分中的动词和主语应与宾语从句中的主语和动词保持一致,如:I don't believe she knows it, does she?

  (7)含有情态动词must的句子表示猜测时,疑问部分与must后面部分一致,不能用mustn't,如:You must be tired, aren't you?当must表示“有必要”时,疑问部分用needn't,如:You must go home right now, needn't you?当mustn't表示禁止时,疑问部分一般用must,如:

  You mustn't walk on grass, must you?

  (8)祈使句的反意疑问句

  肯定祈使句 +will you/won't you?

  否定祈使句 +will you?

  Let's...+shall we?(包括对方)

  Let us...+will you?(不包括对方)

  (9)感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式,并用be的一般现在时,如:

  What a lovely girl, isn't she?

  (10)前面否定后面肯定的反意疑问句在回答时,需根据其实际情况,实际情况是肯定的,则用Yes+肯定结构,实际情况是否定的,则用No+否定结构,如:

  — You can't speak English, can you?

  — Yes, I can(不,我会的)

  (11)关于“'d”和“'s”

  注意比较:

  He'd like a cup of tea, wouldn't he?/You'd better go now, hadn't you?

  He's never late for school, is he?/He's never been there, has he?

  4.选择疑问句:选择疑问句是用or连接询问的两部分,以供选择,答案必须是完整的句子或其省略形式,不能用Yes或No回答,如:Are you Jim or Tom?I'm Tom.

  (三)祈使句

  用以表示命令、请求或建议,主语通常省略。

  肯定式谓语用动词原形,否定式用“ Don't (Never)+动词原形”,Stand up, please./Don't be afraid.

  (四)感叹句

  用以表示快乐、痛苦等强烈感情的句子称为感叹句。

  感叹句有用 how或what开头的两种形式。

  1.How开头的感叹句

  (1) How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语。如:

  How beautiful the flower is!

  (2) How修饰动词,句型是“How+主+谓”,如:

  How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it!

  (3) How+形容词(副词),省略主语和谓语,如:

  How interesting(it is)!

  2.what开头的感叹句:

  (1)What+(a)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语,如:

  What a nice horse it is! What fine weather! What good news!

  (2)What(a)+名词!

  What a pity!

  二、句子的成分

  组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子的各种成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。

  主语 句子的主体,发出动作的人或物,表示所说的是谁或是什么。主语一般放在句首,特殊句型中,在句末,由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。如:

  He was born in a small village.他出生在一个小村庄。

  谓语 说明主语的动作特征状态等,由动词或动词短语构成。如:

  She told me about that story.

  主谓一致:主语和谓语必须在人称、数两方面保持一致。主谓一致的关键是判断主语是单数还是复数。

  1. 一般情况主语的数比较明确 如:

  His mother works in a office.她妈妈在办公室工作。

  2. and 连接的两个或两个以上名词或代词做主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:

  Linda and Susan are from America.琳达和苏珊来自美国。

  3. each, either, neither, another做主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:

  Neither of us has been to France.我们两个都没去过法国。

  4. 由some, any, no, every构成的合成代词作主语时,谓语用单数。如:

  No one knows his phone number.没有人知道他的电话号码。

  5. 由either…or…;neither…nor…;not only…but also…构成的合成代词作主语时,谓语与距离最近的主语保持一致。如:

  Not only my friends but also my sister agrees with me.我的朋友和我的妹妹都赞同我。

  6. 集合名词people, police等作主语时,位于用复数。如:

  The people were surprised to see him dancing in the street.人们很惊讶的看他在街上跳舞。

  7. 集合名词family, class等作主语时,如看作整体,谓语用单数。如强调个体,则谓语用复数。如:

  My family has lived here for twenty years. 我们家在这里住了20年了。

  His family were watching TV while the phone rang.电话响起时,他们全家在看电视。

  8. some, any, none, half 作主语时,谓语动词的单、复数形式视情况而定。如:

  Half of the students are boys. 一半学生是男生。

  Half is enough.一半就够了。

  9. 时间、距离、重量、数量、价值等名词附属作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。如:

  Ten years is not a long time.十年不算太久。

  表语 用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态等,位于连系动词后。可作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、分词短语及从句等。如:

  Is this pen yours? 这笔是你的吗?

  宾语 是动作的承受者。及物动词及相当于及物动词的短语后都必须带宾语。名词、代词、动名词、不定式和从句均可作宾语。如:

  The little boy waited his mother to buy him hamburgers.这个小男孩想让他妈妈给他买汉堡。

  有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者,间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人或物(多指人)。后接双宾语的动词有:answer, bring, buy, deny, do, fetch, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, refuse, save, sell, send, show, sing, take, teach, tell, throw, wish, write等。间接宾语一般于直接宾语连用,通常放在直接宾语之前。如:

  She made her son a birthday cake.她给她儿子做了一个生日蛋糕。

  They sent me a letter.他们给我寄了一封信。

  定语 修饰名词或代词的句子成分。可以做定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、动名词、分词短语及从句等。形容词作定语放在名词之前,副词或副词短语时常放在名词后。如:

  What a lovely day! 多好的日子啊!

  I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多工作要做。

  状语 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词的句子成分称为状语。状语用来说明时间、地点、条件、原因、方式、程度、目的、结果等。可用作状语的有副词、不定式短语、分词短语、介词短语及从句等。如:

  He’s waiting for me in front of the library.他在图书馆前面等我。

  They came to see me yesterday.他们昨天来看我了。

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