动词-ed和动词-ing用法怎么用(2)
having been+
v-ed
(having been
done)
与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词发生。
c) 分词作状语的句法功能
分词在句中作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、方式、伴随等。分词作状语相当于一个状语从句。如：
Hearing the news，we got excited. (=When we heard the news，we got excited.)
Given more time，I can do it better.(=If I am given more time，I can do it better.)
Having been told many times，he still made the same mistake.
(=After he had been told many times，he still made the same mistake. )
Not having understood the problem， Betty went to the teacher for help.
(=Because Betty had not understood the problem，she went to
the teacher for help.)
They went home earlier than usual today，leaving the work unfinished.
The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.
(=The teacher came into the lab and was followed by the students.)
(3) 作表语
通常情况下现在分词作表语说明主语的性质特征;过去分词作表语说明主语的状态
兼有被动之意。如：
The situation here is encouraging and we are encouraged.
Our classroom is very crowded.
After dinner，the boy remained standing beside the table.
(4) 作宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语，主要跟在一些感官动词和使役动词的后面。如：
You’d better have your hair cut if you are free tomorrow.
The lady found her valuable necklace missing after the party.
Don’t keep the boy standing outside.
4、关于动词-ed和动词-ing用法的几点说明
(1)动词-ed和动词-ing的否定形式由not加分词构成。否定词not永远在动词-ed或动词-ing的前面。如：
Not having done it well，I tried again.
Not caring about his health，the old engineer carried on his plan.
His not having finished the work on time，he was punished by the boss.
(2)通常分词作状语时 ，分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语保持一致。如：
Having finished her work，David’s mother went home.
(= After David’s mother finished her work，she went home.)
*当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，分词必须有自己的主语。如：
His glasses broken，he couldn’t see the words on the blackboard clearly.
There being no bus.we had to walk home after school.
(3)表示时间关系、条件关系等分词短语有时可以由连词when/while或if/unless等引导。如：When first introduced to the market，these products enjoyed great success.
I won’t go to the party unless invited.
(4)有时可用“with(without)+名词(或代词)+分词”的结构表示伴随状况。如：
The thief was brought in，with his hand tied behind.