初中英语语法
初中英语语法
语法有两个含义，指语法结构规律本身，即语法事实。下面是学习啦小编给大家整理的初中英语语法，供大家参阅!
初中英语语法：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区分
“That” restricts the reader's thought, directing attention to a specific bit of information to complete a message's meaning. “Which” is non-restrictive and introduces subsidiary rather than essential information to the meaning of the sentence.
Important note involving “which”: “Non-essential” does not mean that the information is not important or that it's not relevant. It just means that it's not essential, grammatically, to the meaning — the central understanding — of the sentence.
The lawnmower that is in the garage needs sharpening.
We have more than one lawnmower. Only the one in the garage needs sharpening.
The lawnmower, which is in the garage, needs sharpening.
We have only one lawnmower. It's in the garage and needs sharpening.
The statue that stands in the hall is on loan from the museum.
A number of statues are in the building. Only the one in the hall is on loan from the museum.
The statue, which stands in the hall, is on loan from the museum.
Only one statue is under discussion. It is on loan from the museum and happens to be in the hall.
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Summary:
Restrictive clauses (“that”) modify, focus and limit. Because the information they supply is essential to the intended meaning of the sentence, they are not set off by commas.
Non-restrictive clauses (“which”) do not limit the words they modify. They simply add information that otherwise would not be provided. Non-restrictive clauses are set off by commas because the information they provide is supplementary, not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
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But there's “who,” too
Restrictive and non-restrictive clauses need not begin with “that” and “which.” For example, if humans or animals with names are being discussed, “who” may become the appropriate choice for both kinds of clauses. In such cases, a comma all by itself can transform the meaning of the sentence.
He helped the native guides who were sick with malaria.
No comma appears before “who.” Therefore, what follows is a restrictive clause. Not all the guides had malaria.
He helped the native guides, who were sick with malaria.
Putting the comma before “who” makes what follows a non-restrictive clause. It also changes the sentence to mean that all the guides had malaria.
Got it? I hope so (the concept of restrictive/non-restrictive, that is — not malaria.)
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No “who” or “which” or “that”?
Restrictive and non-restrictive elements are not always introduced by relative pronouns. Sometimes they simply are treated as essential (restrictive) or non-essential (non-restrictive) elements. In such cases, too, the comma is crucial to the meaning.
He went downtown to pick up his wife, Judy.
The addition of the non-restrictive element here merely provides us with the name of his wife — his only wife. Because he has but one wife, her name is not essential to the reader in identifying her. Therefore, it makes it non-restrictive or non-essential to the meaning of the sentence and is set off by a comma.
He went downtown to pick up his wife Judy.
The omission of the comma creates a restrictive clause, of course. Now we are implying that he's a bigamist or lives in a culture that allows more than one wife.
My brother, Ken, worked for a TV ratings company.
This indicates that I have but one brother and his name is Ken. Because I have but one brother, his name is a non-restrictive element or non-essential to the meaning of the sentence. You don't need his name to know the exact person I'm talking about. Therefore, it is set off by commas.
My brother Ken worked for a TV ratings company.
Ahhh, this says I have more than one brother. And it's essential to know his name, otherwise you, the reader, wouldn't know which brother I'm talking about. So, no commas!
(Whereas, the commas around “the reader” in the above sentence are needed because “the reader” is non-restrictive -- not essential in identifying yourself to you! Got it?)
初中英语语法：感叹句秘诀
唉…,天天都要学英语，真是让人感叹，不过更要命的是，如果感叹句都没有学好，连用英语感叹一下都会很困难，偶岂不要闷在心中，时间长了，更会郁郁成疾。
感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。一般都由What或How引导。
1.由what引导，常有以下三类：
(1)What +a(an)+(形容词)+单数可数名词+主语+谓语+…，如：
What a fine day it is today!今天天气真好!
(2)What+(形容词)+复数可数名词+主语+谓语+…如：
What good students they are!他们真是好学生!
(3)What+(形容词)+不可数名词+主语+谓语+…如：
What bad weather!今天的天气真糟糕!
2.由how引导，常有以下几类：
(1)How+形容词+(主语+系动词)!如：
How cold it is today!今天真冷啊!
(2)How+副词+(主语+实义动词)!如：
How fast they are running !他们跑得真快!
(3)How+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词+(主语+系动词)+……!如：
How good an example he set for us!他给我们树立了多么好的榜样!
(4)How+主语+谓语!如：How time flies! 光阴似箭!
注意:感叹句在表示激动强烈的感情时，口语中常常采用省略句，其后面的主语和谓语往往略去不讲。如：What a fine day! 当然，如果上述两句型，而句子(无论是那种句子)本身又表示了上述的种种情绪，那么该句也可以是感叹句，周童瑜略举几例A) 带情绪的语词，如：Water! Water! Quick!(水!水!快!——如救火或救人时。)B)简短的陈述句配合音调也可表感叹，如：I hate you!(我恨你!——表示愤怒或绝望)
补充:
1、某些感叹句也用倒装语序。如： Isn't it a beautiful garden ! 多么美丽的花园啊!=What a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美丽的花园啊!
2、感叹句后的附加疑问句的谓语动词需用be的现在时，且常用否定形式。如： What a clever boy, isn't he? What a lovely day, isn't it?
在英语学习中，感叹句是颇为简单的一个语法知识点，基本上稍微用点心，当武当派掌门“感叹掌”袭来时，把它推回去那是绝对没有问题的。如果不把它学好，将来行走英语江湖，连小孩都打不过的。
初中英语语法：语法十二式之基本句型秘诀
基本上我很聪明，我很可爱;基本上，英语很容易，英语很简单。基本上就是必须要知道的，要第一掌握的，所以把它们放入心中吧。
英文的基本句型，就是讨论“主语 + 不同的谓语结构”。英文的谓语动词分两大类：一类是系动词;另一类是实义动词。由系动词构成的谓语只有一种，由实义动词构成的谓语则有四种，从而就有了五种英文基本句型：
一、主语-系动词-表语 (SVC)
该句型中的谓语动词是系动词。系动词后接的部分可称为表语，也可称为(主语)补足语，主语补足语这一部分的主要功能是对主语进行说明、补充。英文中的系动词主要指Be动词的各种变化形式，也包括那些有时起系动词作用的实义动词。此类动词常见的有：become(变成), look(看上去), seem(看起来), appear(相似、显得), get(变得), feel(摸起来), grow(变得), turn(变成), remain(仍然是), come(变得), fall(变得), hold(保持), keep(保持), stand(保持), stay(保持), smell(闻起来), sound(听起来), taste(尝起来)等。
二、主语-动词 (SV)
该句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词，没有直接宾语;但常带有时间、地点、方式等状语。
三、主语-动词-宾语 (SVO)
该句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，那么它必须带有自己的宾语。在英文中，当一个动词(包括单个动词和动词短语)作及物动词用时，它必须要有自己的宾语(除非是宾语在上下文里很明确地提到过，为避免不必要的重复，才会省去。)，否则会视为“句子不完整”。
四、主语-动词-宾语-宾语 (SVOO)
该句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语：前一个宾语称为“间接宾语”，多由代词或名词充当;后一个宾语称为“直接宾语”，往往由名词充当。常见的这类谓语动词有： give(给某人……), bring(带给某人……), tell(告诉某人……), send(送给某人……), leave(留给某人……), pass(递给某人……), read(给某人读……), write(给某人写……), take(给某人拿……), show(给某人看……), teach(教某人……), get(给某人弄到……), award(授予某人……),lend(借给某人……), rent(租赁某人……), buy(给某人买……), pay(支付某人……), hand(递给某人……), recommend(将某人推荐给……)等。
五、主语-动词-宾语-宾语补足语 (SVOC)
该句型表示：有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构(即：宾语 + 宾语补足语)。其中，宾语补足语是对宾语“做什么”、“怎么样”等方面进行补充说明，从意义和结构上来说是必不可少。在这一结构中，宾语和谓语动词是“动宾关系”，而宾语和其补足语在逻辑上却是“主谓关系”。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语担当。带复合宾语结构的常见及物动词有： elect(选举) , feel(感觉到) , find(发现) , get(使得) , have(使，让) , hear(听到) , imagine(想象) , keep(保持) , make(使) , notice(注意到) , see(看见) , let(使) , smell(闻到) , start(使……开始) , watch(注视，看) , appoint(任命) , believe(相信) , call(称) , catch(发现) , allow(容许) , ask(请求，要求) , cause(使得) , consider(认为) , expect(预期) , know(知道) , tell(告诉) , think(想，认为) , want(想要) , wish(希望) ,listen to(听) , look at(看，瞧)等等。
基本句型掌握后，其他复杂点的句型都是来源于这五种句型。