托福写作跑题多少分
有一些考生在靠托福写作的时候由于时间比较赶,没有好好审题就写了,结果跑题了,那么托福写作跑题多少分?来看看吧!
托福写作跑题多少分
跑题扣分很严重,满分5分一般给1分,小作文大概3-4分,取平均值就是2-2.5分,对应30分就是14-17这个档次吧,大部分大学单项要求都高于20分。建议准备重考吧
解决托福写作跑题的四个方法
1熟悉可能涉及的话题
从历年托福真题回忆和tpo真题上总结的托福独立写作常考的topics基本可分为:解释现象类和对立观点类。
给出两个对立的事物或者一个事物对立的两个方面,要求考生支持一方并进行说明。或给出两个对立事物或一个事物对立的两个方面,要求考生说明二者为什么不同或比较它们的优缺点,并给出理由。例如:Some people like different friends.Other likes similar friends.Compare the advantages of these two kinds of friends.Which kind of friend do you prefer?Explain why.
topics从内容上可分为:
学习类:(如自学还是跟老师学,学广还是学精)
工作类:(如在大公司还是小公司)
生活类:(如喜欢在家里吃饭还是在餐厅吃饭)
电视电影类:(如电视电影疏远了家人的情感,你是否同意)
消费类:(如花在娱乐上,还是事业上)
环境类:(如政府投入环保的力度是否应该大于投入经济发展的力度)
古老建筑类:(如是否应该保留老建筑)
成功类:(如成功的衡量标准是金钱和荣耀,你的看法如何)
性格类:(如聪明的朋友比幽默的朋友重要,你是否同意)
2形成自己的答案资源库
熟悉了写作题目之后,就要准备自己的答案资源库了。
自己的资源库要包括:同一类题目的通用观点,有针对性的例证(不一定都要背名人典故,可以从自身取材,自给自足)。这些内容都是要自己去深思,需要有人点拨,才能形成一个清晰的构架和写作流程的。
3线性思维,总-分-总
在新托福独立写作中,用这总分总种思维最容易获得高分,所以你要在平时的练习中一定要注意写作的结构。
托福作文应该写成三个层次,也就是我们确立了中心思想后应该找到三条理由来支持。托福作文五段论:第一段为中心思想段;二、三、四段为支持段落;最后一段为总结段落。其实这个东西并不是绝对的,由自己的思想内容来决定。
4模仿几个高分句子
高分句子不用很多,点缀其中,添彩即可。模仿的句子来源,可以是阅读中的复杂句式,先分析长句子的语义功能:它在文章中起了什么作用,是总结,是过渡,是举例,还是因果?那么在用到总结的语句时,是不是能偷天换日地用上这样的句式?用上几次之后,这些句子就会变得简单熟悉了。
托福写作的主题怎样确立
方法一:举例----缩小范围来论证。
如动物→鸟类,现代交通方式→飞机,上面的举例是最简单的形式,即对单个词/短语,或说单个对象举例。我们在独立写作中会遇到对单个对象的举例,这也是大家都能做好的;但我们更常遇到的是需要对一个句子,或说多个对象互相联系而串成的观点举例的情况,这时我们就需要留意我们所举的例子的有效性了。
举例的基本原则:
a. 细节性原则----细于被举例者。
b. 一致性原则----良好体现与要用举例证明的观点的一致对应关系,观点中的重点信息应在例子中不多不少地体现。
举例的具体操作方法:
粗举,细举,引调查,列数字。
(1)粗例----粗犷的例子
"粗例"即一类人、物或事,或一个公认事实的例子,说白了就是多数人都能认可的信息。寻找这类例子的时候比较轻松,只要在观点中找出可以继续细化的重点信息然后"narrow down"就可以了
观点1: Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.
粗例1: International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
"粗例"可以建立"面"对"线"的关系,但需要注意不能太空洞,同时也要控制使用的量;粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比较论证来使用,才能使整个段落更有血肉。
(2)细例----细致的例子
"细例"就是具体到一个人、一个物,或一件事,可以是实际存在的,也可以无中生有。这类例子更加鲜活,更有说服力,通常也能占据更长一些的篇幅,平时有意识地积累并灵活联系,写起这类例子来才会更加得心应手。
a. 实际存在的,一方面,这类例子可以是身边,家人、朋友、自己和身边发生的一些事情;另一方面就是名人和一些被报道出来的“名事”了
观点2: Mistakes serve as vivid, sometimes painful deterrents from certain action.
细例2: A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals, the imprint of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking, but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.
观点3: You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.
细例3: Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored, but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her great popularity.
b. 此外,"细例"的无中生有就是假设论证,常用if,supposing等开头
观点4: Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic congestion.
细例4: If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars, there will be far fewer automobiles on the road, greatly easing the traffic burden.
"细例"可以建立"面"对"点"的关系,读者容易理解,但也要注意不能太松散,应紧扣要证明的观点,明显突出观点中的重点信息,宁缺毋滥;细例子有时自身的字数貌似就已经可以撑起一个段落,但即便如此也一定不能把例子描述完就完了,必要的动作是在最后加上一两句总结或评论。
举例子的方法除了上述的粗例和细例,有的时候还可以引用科学数据或者调查报告的结论。大家也可以在平时的练习中总结一些好的例子以备不时之需。
托福独立写作范文:睡眠革命
睡眠革命
Evolution of sleep
Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographicsense we share it with all the primates and almost allthe other mammals and birds: it may extend back asfar as the reptiles.
There is some evidence that the two types of sleep,dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style ofthe animal, and that predators are statistically muchmore likely to dream than prey, which are in turnmuch more likely to experience dreamless sleep. Indream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to externalstimuli. Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking theirears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare amongpray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today,when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleepthan the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deepimmobilization ever have evolved?
Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact thatdolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in genera seem to sleep very little. There is, by andlarge, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal’svulnerability, the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggestedthis to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quite on their owninitiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. Thepoint seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notionand probably at least partly true.
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