英语什么是宾语及其用法大全
英语什么是宾语及其用法大全
英语宾语的正常位置是在谓语动词之后,有双宾语的句子,其间接宾语在直接宾语之前,有复合宾语的句子,其宾语在宾语补足语之前。英语什么是宾语呢？下面是学习啦小编整理的英语什么是宾语，欢迎阅读。
英语什么是宾语
宾语，又称受词，是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类，其中直接宾语指动作的直接对象，间接宾语说明动作的非直接，但受动作影响的对象。一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语，有些及物动词要求两个宾语，则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语，另一个为间接宾语。
英语的宾语
宾语表示法
名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动名词、不定式、复合结构、从句可作宾语。 宾语的种类
一、双宾语
英语中，有些及物动词可接两个宾语(双宾语)，即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。常用句型为：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如：
Give me a cup of tea, please. 请给我一杯茶。
有时，间接宾语也可改为由介词to或for引起的短语，放在直接宾语的后面。如： She passed him the salt. =She passed the salt to him. 她把盐递给了他。
Her uncle bought her an English-Chinese dictionary yesterday.
= Her uncle bought an English-Chinese dictionary for her yesterday.
昨天，她叔叔给她买了一本英汉词典。
下面几种情况，通常要用介词to或for引起的短语：
1. 当直接宾语是人称代词(it/them)时。如：
The watch is Li Lei's. Please give it to him. 这块手表是李雷的。请把它给他。
2. 当强调间接宾语时。如：
Mother cooks breakfast for us every day. 母亲每天都为我们做早饭。
3. 当间接宾语比直接宾语长时。如：
On the bus, he often gives his seat to an old person. 在公共汽车上，他经常把座位让给老人。 注：由to连接间接宾语的动词有：pass, give, show, tell, lend, take等;由for连接间接宾语的动词有：buy, cook, get, sing, make等。
二、复合宾语
宾补的定义
有些及物动词带了宾语后还需要有一个补足成分才能使句子完整，这个补足成分就叫做宾语补足语。用来说明宾语的行为、特征、状态、身份等。宾语和宾补一起构成复合宾语。主要有下面几种类型：
1、 名词(或代词)+名词。接名词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有call, name, think, make等
We call them mooncakes. 我们把它们叫作月饼
2、 名词(或代词)+形容词。接形容词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有make, keep, think, find等。如：
At first I found Chinese hard. 开始的时候，我发现汉语很难。
3、名词(或代词)+副词或介词短语。接副词、介词短语作宾语补足语的动词常见的有find, keep, take等。如：
The boy found his pen on the floor. 这个男孩在地板上找到了他的钢笔
Last Sunday I saw you out with your sister.
To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.
4、名词(或代词)+分词(分词短语)。接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有watch, see, hear, find, keep等。如：
In the country, he can hear birds singing. 在农村，他能听到鸟儿歌唱。
I saw him doing his homework when I passed his window.
I was absent-minded when I heard my name called.
注意：
在用现在分词或不定式作宾语补足语的动词中，有些只能用现在分词作宾语补足语;有些只能用不定式作宾语补足语;还有的动词既能用现在分词又可用不定式作宾语补足语：
1)只能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有：catch, keep, mind, prevent, stop(阻止)等。 She caught her son smoking a cigarette.
His words started me thinking.
2)只能用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, trust, encourage, let, allow, permit, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, remind, ask, invite, beg, request, worry, advise, persuade, call on, tell, order, command, require, make, force, drive, forbid, warn, help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, think, take, know, judge, consider, suppose, believe, allow, prove, declare等。
Their parents don’t allow him to stay out late.
他父母不允许他在外面呆到很晚。
3)既能用现在分词又可用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, notice, look at, observe, listen to, hear, feel, have, imagine, discover, like, want, understand, hate, get, set, leave等。 She was seen running away from the scene of the crime.
有人看见她从犯罪现场跑开。
I saw you put the key in your pocket.
5、名词(或代词)+不定式
1) to do
The villagers did not allow them to build a factory there.
(ask tell beg force wish want expect advise permit order persuade)
2) 省略 to 的不定式
使用不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号 to 的取舍问题：
在hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, observe 等动词后的不定式需省去 to 。 feel 一词，跟 to be 型不定式带 to;跟 to do 型不定式不带 to。
help 一词后的不定式，可带 to，也可以不带 to。
6、 名词(或代词)+从句
We will make our hometown what your hometown is now.
7、常见with+复合宾语有下列几种形式：
1) with+名词/代词+形容词
It is not good manners to speak with your mouth full.满嘴食物去说话是不礼貌的。
2) with+名词/代词+副词
The city looks more beautiful with all the lights on.
所有的灯亮起来，这座城市看起来更漂亮了。
3) with+名词/代词+介词短语
The woman with a baby on her back lives downstairs.这个背着婴儿的妇女住在楼下。
4) with+名词/代词+不定式，不定式表示主动、将来的动作。
With you to help us, we are sure to finish the work on time.
有你来帮忙，我们会按时完成任务的。
With so much work to do, we can’t kill any time by playing cards.
有这么多工作要做，我们没有时间打扑克。
5)with+名词/代词+-ing形式，-ing形式表示主动或动作正在进行。
With a boy leading the way, they started towards the village.
由一个男孩带路，他们朝那个村子走去。
6) with+名词/代词+过去分词，过去分词表示被动或动作已经完成。
With the problems settled, we all felt very happy.问题解决了，我们都感到很高兴。
7)with+名词/代词+名词
China is a great country, with its capital Beijing中国是一个伟大的国家，首都是北京。
在复合宾语中，宾语通常为名词或代词，但有时也可以用不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或that从句来充当。这时，应使用先行it代替宾语，而将真正的宾语移到句子的后部，如：
I felt it necessary to speak about our shortcomings.
Do you consider it any good trying again?
We all thought it a pity that you couldn’t join us.
注意：在这种结构中，宾语补足语通常为名词或形容词;常用于这种结构的动词有： feel, find, think, make, take, judge, consider 等。
可用下面方法来判断一个及物动词所带的是双宾语还是复合宾语：
如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，则该动词接的是复合宾语，否则就是双宾语。
三、宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:
动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.
(一)宾语从句的时态和语序
1、主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。
2、主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。
3、主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。
当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.
当主句为过去时的时候
1)从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生
I only knew he was studying in a western country, but I didn’t know what country he was in. 我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<<老人与海>>.
2)从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.
3)从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.
4)如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.
当宾语从句的引导词是who, which, what, when, where, how, why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手.
(二)宾语从句的连接词
1、从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that, if, whether.
that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.
He told me that he would go to the college the next year他告诉我他下一年上大学. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.
2、连接代词
连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.
连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗?
I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该依靠谁.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?
3、连接副词
连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等.
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
(三)各种宾语从句
1、动词的宾语从句
1)大多数动词都可以带宾语从句
We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.
我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的.
2)部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out
我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?
3)动词短语也可以带宾语从句
常见的这些词有:
make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.
可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.我每天写日记成了习惯.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.
②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it
这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.
We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.
③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.
2、介词的宾语从句
1)用wh-类的介词宾语从句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.
2)用that引导的介词宾语从句
有时候except, but, besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.
3、形容词的宾语从句
常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.
(四)与宾语从句有关的知识点
1、if, whether在宾语从句中的区别
1)if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
2) 少数动词,如:leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.
3)whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
2、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that
1)当that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时;
2)当宾语从句较长时;
3)当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;
4)当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;
5)当宾语从句中的主语是this, that或this, that做主语的定语时;
6)当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;
7)当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;
8)当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;
9)当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;
3、宾语从句的否定转移
1)主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim, is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
2)如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?
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